Link Brain-Wide Projectome to Neuronal Dynamics in the Mouse Brain.

Knowledge about the neuronal dynamics and the projectome are both essential for understanding how the neuronal network functions in concert. However, it remains challenging to obtain the neural activity and the brain-wide projectome for the same neurons, especially for neurons in subcortical brain regions. Here, by combining in vivo microscopy and high-definition fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography, we have developed strategies for mapping the brain-wide projectome of functionally relevant neurons in the somatosensory cortex, the dorsal hippocampus, and the substantia nigra pars compacta. More importantly, we also developed a strategy to achieve acquiring the neural dynamic and brain-wide projectome of the molecularly defined neuronal subtype. The strategies developed in this study solved the essential problem of linking brain-wide projectome to neuronal dynamics for neurons in subcortical structures and provided valuable approaches for understanding how the brain is functionally organized via intricate connectivity patterns.

New insights into black carbon light absorption enhancement: A comprehensive analysis of two differential behaviors.

High uncertainty in optical properties of black carbon (BC) involving heterogeneous chemistry has recently attracted increasing attention in the field of atmospheric climatology. To fill the gap in BC optical knowledge so as to estimate more accurate climate effects and serve the response to global warming, it is beneficial to conduct site-level studies on BC light absorption enhancement (Eabs) characteristics. Real-time surface gas and particulate pollutant observations during the summer and winter over Wuhan were utilized for the analysis of Eabs simulated by minimum R squared (MRS), considering two distinct atmospheric conditions (2015 and 2017). In general, differences in aerosol emissions led to Eabs differential behaviors. The summer average of Eabs (1.92 ± 0.55) in 2015 was higher than the winter average (1.27 ± 0.42), while the average (1.11 ± 0.20) in 2017 summer was lower than that (1.67 ± 0.69) in winter. Eabs and RBC (representing the mass ratio of non-refractory constituents to elemental carbon) constraints suggest that Eabs increased with the increase in RBC under the ambient condition enriched by secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), with a maximum growth rate of 70.6% in 2015 summer. However, Eabs demonstrated a negative trend against RBC in 2017 winter due to the more complicated mixing state. The result arose from the opposite impact of hygroscopic SIA and absorbing OC/irregular distributed coatings on amplifying the light absorbency of BC. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed a robust positive correlation (R > 0.9) between aerosol chemical compositions (including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and secondary organic carbon), which could be significantly perturbed by only a small fraction of absorbing materials or restructuring BC through gaps filling. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of BC, but also provide useful information for the scientific decision-making in government to mitigate particulate pollution and obtain more precise BC radiative forcing.

Validation, analysis, and comparison of MISR V23 aerosol optical depth products with MODIS and AERONET observations.

The latest Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) Version (V) 23 aerosol optical depth (AOD) products were released, with an improved spatial resolution of 4.4 km, providing an unprecedented opportunity for the refined regional application. To ensure the reliability of their applications and build a scientific reference for the further optimization, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, especially for the unique size-resolved AOD products: small-size AOD (AODS, representing the contribution of fine-mode aerosols), medium-size AOD (AODM), and large-size AOD (AODL), and AODM+L represents the AOD part of coarse-mode aerosols. AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection (C) 6.1 aerosol products from 2001 to 2020 are utilized for the validation, analysis, and inter-comparison, considering three spatial scales and four key factors. In general, MISR V23 aerosol products show a good accuracy compared with AERONET. The best performance for all AOD products appears in forest units (the highest R ~ 0.93, data percentage within Expected Error bounds, %EE > 93), related to the inactive human activity and dark underlying surface. Dependences of retrieval deviations illustrate that the performance of MISR AOD deteriorates as aerosol loading increases. Namely, with the increase of aerosols, total AOD (AODT) and AODS show increasing negative deviations, while increasing positive deviations are observed for AODM+L. This suggests that the Empirical Orthogonal Functions do not perform well in this situation, since numerous aerosol particles can obstruct the underlying reflection and reduce the surface spectral contrast. In addition, AODT and AODS often exhibit anomalous positive deviations in areas with low vegetation cover, such as deserts, revealing that MISR will overestimate aerosol content over bright surfaces and in environments dominated by coarse-mode particles. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of MISR aerosols products from multiple perspectives, but also provide useful information for the product improvement.

Numerical Study on Entropy Generation of the Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump.

The energy loss of the multi-stage centrifugal pump was investigated by numerical analysis using the entropy generation method with the RNG k-ε turbulence model. Entropy generation due to time-averaged motion and velocity fluctuation was mainly considered. It was found that the entropy generation of guide vanes and impellers account for 71.2% and 23.3% of the total entropy generation under the designed flow condition. The guide vanes are the main hydraulic loss domains and their entropy generation is about 9 W/K, followed by impellers. There are vortices at the tongue of the guide vane inlet as well as flow separations in the impellers, which lead to entropy generation. The fluid impacts the outer surface of the guide vanes, resulting in the increase in entropy generation. There are refluxes near the guide vane tongues which also increase the entropy generation of this part. The entropy generation distribution of the guide vanes and impellers was investigated, which found that the positive guide vane has more entropy generation compared with the reverse guide. The entropy generation of the blade suction surface is higher compared with the pressure surface. This study indicated that the entropy generation method has distinct advantages in the assessment of hydraulic loss.