Association of preoperative elevated lipoprotein (a) with poor survival in patients with biliary tract cancers.

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract cancers have garnered significant attention due to their highly malignant nature. The relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism and tumor occurrence and development is a research hotspot. However, its correlation with biliary tract cancers is unclear. METHODS: We enrolled 78 patients with biliary tract cancers and obtained data on clinical characteristics, pathological findings, and preoperative blood lipid indices, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the optimal predictive cutoff values of lipid indicators among the participants. Independent risk factors were determined using Cox regression, and survival was predicted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the body mass index (BMI), tumor location, surgical margin, N stage, and abnormally increased LDL-C, TG, and Lp(a) levels were significantly associated with poor prognosis of biliary tract cancers (p < 0.05). Multifactor Cox regression demonstrated that only N stage (HR = 3.393, p < 0.001) and abnormally increased Lp(a) levels (HR = 2.814, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with shorter survival. N stage and Lp(a) were identified as independent prognostic risk factors for patients with biliary tract cancers. CONCLUSION: This study presents Lp(a) as a novel biochemical marker that can guide clinical treatment strategies for patients with biliary tract cancers. More effective treatment options and intensive postoperative testing should be considered to prolong the survival of these patients with preoperative abnormal lipid metabolism.

The CsTM alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid by interacting with CsTIP1;1 in cucumber.

The multicellular trichomes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) serve as the primary defense barrier against external factors, whose impact extends beyond plant growth and development to include commercial characteristics of fruits. The aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of prominent pests in cucumber cultivation. However, the relationship between physical properties of trichomes and the aphid resistance at molecular level remains largely unexplored. Here, a spontaneous mutant trichome morphology (tm) was characterized by increased susceptibility towards aphid. Further observations showed the tm exhibited a higher and narrower trichome base, which was significantly distinguishable from that in wild-type (WT). We conducted map-based cloning and identified the candidate, CsTM, encoding a C-lectin receptor-like kinase. The knockout mutant demonstrated the role of CsTM in trichome morphogenesis. The presence of SNP does not regulate the relative expression of CsTM, but diminishes the CsTM abundance of membrane proteins in tm. Interestingly, CsTM was found to interact with CsTIP1;1, which encodes an aquaporin with extensive reports in plant resistance and growth development. The subsequent aphid resistance experiments revealed that both CsTM and CsTIP1;1 regulated the development of trichomes and conferred resistance against aphid by affecting cytoplasmic H2O2 contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes associated with pathogenesis, calcium binding and cellulose synthase. Overall, our study elucidates an unidentified mechanism that CsTM-CsTIP1;1 alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid, thus providing a wholly new perspective for trichome morphogenesis in cucumber.

Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcriptional Factors (ZHDs) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Identification, Evolution, Expression Profiles, and Function under Abiotic Stresses.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a globally prevalent and extensively cultivated vegetable whose yield is significantly influenced by various abiotic stresses, including drought, heat, and salinity. Transcription factors, such as zinc finger-homeodomain proteins (ZHDs), a plant-specific subgroup of Homeobox, play a crucial regulatory role in stress resistance. In this study, we identified 13 CsZHDs distributed across all six cucumber chromosomes except chromosome 7. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five clades (ZHDI-IV and MIF) with different gene structures but similar conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis revealed that members of clades ZHD III, IV, and MIF experienced amplification through segmental duplication events. Additionally, a closer evolutionary relationship was observed between the ZHDs in Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) compared to Oryza sativa (O. sativa). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated the general expression of CsZHD genes across all tissues, with notable expression in leaf and flower buds. Moreover, most of the CsZHDs, particularly CsZHD9-11, exhibited varying responses to drought, heat, and salt stresses. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments highlighted the potential functions of CsZHD9 and CsZHD10, suggesting their positive regulation of stomatal movement and responsiveness to drought stress. In summary, these findings provide a valuable resource for future analysis of potential mechanisms underlying CsZHD genes in response to stresses.

Time and Space Dual-Blockade Strategy for Highly Invasive Nature of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy Based on Fe-MOF Nanoplatforms.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), due to its high malignant degree and strong invasion ability, leads to poor prognosis and easy recurrence, so effectively curbing the invasion of TNBC is the key to obtaining the ideal therapeutic effect. Herein, a therapeutic strategy is developed that curbs high invasions of TNBC by inhibiting cell physiological activity and disrupting tumor cell structural function to achieve the time and space dual-blockade. The time blockade is caused by the breakthrough of the tumor-reducing blockade based on the ferroptosis process and the oxidation-toxic free radicals generated by enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Meanwhile, alkyl radicals from 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH) and 1O2 attacked the organelles of tumor cells under ultrasound (US), reducing the physiological activity of the cells. The attack of free radicals on the cytoskeleton, especially on the proteins of F-actin and its assembly pathway, achieves precise space blockade of TNBC. The damage to the cytoskeleton and the suppression of the repair process leads to a significant decline in the ability of tumor cells to metastasize and invade other organs. In summary, the FTM@AM nanoplatforms have a highly effective killing and invasion inhibition effect on invasive TNBC mediated by ultrasound, showcasing promising clinical transformation potential.

Gold Nanocage-Based Multifunctional Nanosensitizers for Programmed Photothermal /Radiation/Chemical Coordinated Therapy Guided by FL/MR/PA Multimodal Imaging.

Background: Radiotherapy is one of the main clinical methods for the treatment of malignant tumors at present. However, its application is limited by the radiation resistance of some tumor cells and the irradiation damage to the surrounding normal tissues, and the limitation of radiotherapy dose also affects the therapeutic effect. Therefore, developing diagnostic and therapeutic agents with imaging and radiosensitizing functions is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and efficacy of radiotherapy. Materials and Strategy: Herein, we synthesized multifunctional nanotheranostic FRNPs nanoparticles based on gold nanocages (GNCs) and MnO2 for magnetic resonance (MR)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging and combined photothermal, radiosensitive and chemical therapy. A programmed therapy strategy based on FRNPs is proposed. First, photothermal therapy is applied to ablate large tumors and increase the sensitivity of the tumor tissue to radiotherapy, then X-ray radiation is performed to further reduce the tumor size, and finally chemotherapeutic agents are used to eliminate smaller residual tumors and distant metastases. Results: As revealed by fluorescence, MR and PA imaging, FRNPs achieved efficient aggregation and retention at tumor sites of mice after intravenous injection. In vivo studies have shown that the programmed treatment of FRNPs-injected nude mice which were exposed to X-ray after 808 laser irradiation achieved the greatest inhibition of tumor growth compared with other treatment groups. Moreover, no obvious systemic toxicity was observed in all groups of mice, indicating the good biocompatibility of FRNPs and the safety of the treatment scheme. Conclusion: To sum up, our work not only showed a new radiosensitizer, but also provided a promising theranostic strategy for cancer treatment.

Core-shell oxygen-deficient Fe2O3 polyhedron serves as an efficient host for sulfur cathode.

Herein, an oxygen-defect-rich core-shell Fe2O3-x@C polyhedral sulfur host was prepared, which effectively promoted electrochemical conversion and further inhibited the "shuttle effect" in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Fe2O3-x@C@S provided a high initial capacity of 1395 mA h g-1 and a low attenuation of ∼0.067% per cycle.

Advance Research on the Pre-Harvest Sprouting Trait in Vegetable Crop Seeds.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), the germination of seeds on the plant prior to harvest, poses significant challenges to agriculture. It not only reduces seed and grain yield, but also impairs the commodity quality of the fruit, ultimately affecting the success of the subsequent crop cycle. A deeper understanding of PHS is essential for guiding future breeding strategies, mitigating its impact on seed production rates and the commercial quality of fruits. PHS is a complex phenomenon influenced by genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. Many of these factors exert their influence on PHS through the intricate regulation of plant hormones responsible for seed germination. While numerous genes related to PHS have been identified in food crops, the study of PHS in vegetable crops is still in its early stages. This review delves into the regulatory elements, functional genes, and recent research developments related to PHS in vegetable crops. Meanwhile, this paper presents a novel understanding of PHS, aiming to serve as a reference for the study of this trait in vegetable crops.

Active role of amino acid metabolism in early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is one of the significant microvascular consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a complex etiology and protracted course. In the early stages of DKD, the majority of patients experience an insidious onset and few overt clinical symptoms and indicators, but they are prone to develop end-stage renal disease in the later stage, which is life-threatening. The abnormal amino acid metabolism is tightly associated with the development of DKD, which involves several pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and immune response and is also closely related to autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and iron death. With a focus on taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and glutamine, we explored the biological effects of various amino acid mechanisms linked to DKD, the impact of amino acid metabolism in the early diagnosis of DKD, and the role of amino acid metabolism in treating DKD, to offer fresh objectives and guidelines for later early detection and DKD therapy.

Synergetic development assessment of transboundary watershed ecological compensation.

Ecological compensation (EC) is essential to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of the watershed. Firstly, the synergetic development index system of the watershed EC was proposed, which includes the economic benefits, water conservation, pollution treatment, and environmental supervision. Then, the order degree of subsystems was calculated. Finally, the synergetic development level of the watershed EC was evaluated. Taking the upstream (Ma'anshan) and the downstream (Nanjing) of the Chu River as the case study area, the results showed that: (1) From 2011 to 2020, the synergetic development level between Ma'anshan and Nanjing has showed an upward trend; (2) The synergetic development level of the watershed EC in the Chu River has reached basic synergy in 2020; (3) Ma'anshan concentrates on protecting the water ecological environment while Nanjing concentrates on economic growth and water pollution control will improve the synergy degree. This study can provide references for the optimization of watershed EC mechanism, and to promote watershed coordinated development.

Effect of Heterostructure-Modified Separator in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density and low cost are the most promising competitor in the next generation of new energy reserve devices. However, there are still many problems that hinder its commercialization, mainly including shuttle of soluble polysulfides, slow reaction kinetics, and growth of Li dendrites. In order to solve above issues, various explorations have been carried out for various configurations, such as electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. Among them, the separator in contact with both anode and cathode is in a particularly special position. Reasonable design-modified material of separator can solve above key problems. Heterostructure engineering as a promising modification method can combine characteristics of different materials to generate synergistic effect at heterogeneous interface that is conducive to Li-S electrochemical behavior. This review not only elaborates the role of heterostructure-modified separators in dealing with above problems, but also analyzes the improvement of wettability and thermal stability of separators by modification of heterostructure materials, systematically clarifies its advantages, and summarizes some related progress in recent years. Finally, future development direction of heterostructure-based separator in Li-S batteries is given.

MnO2 Coated Mesoporous PdPt Nanoprobes for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species and Solving Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury.

As one of the most widely used drugs, acetaminophen, is the leading cause of acute liver injury. In addition, acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI) has a strong relationship with the overproduced reactive oxygen species, which can be effectively eliminated by nanozymes. To address these challenges, mesoporous PdPt@MnO2 nanoprobes (PPM NPs) mimicking peroxide, catalase, and superoxide dismutase-like properties are synthesized. They demonstrate nontoxicity, high colloidal stability, and exceptional reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability. By scavenging excessive ROS, decreasing inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the recruitment and activation of monocyte/macrophage cells and neutrophils, the pathology mechanism of PPM NPs in AILI is confirmed. Moreover, PPM NPs' therapeutic effect and good biocompatibility may facilitate the clinical treatment of AILI.

Identification and verification of ferroptosis-related genes in gastric intestinal metaplasia.

Background: Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is the key link of gastric precancerous lesions. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death. However, its impact on IM is unclear. The focus of this study is to identify and verify ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) that may be involved in IM by bioinformatics analysis. Materials and methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from microarray dataset GSE60427 and GSE78523 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes (DEFRGs) were obtained from overlapping genes of DEGs and FRGs got from FerrDb. DAVID database was used for functional enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and Cytoscape software were used to screen hub gene. In addition, we built a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and verified the relative mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the immune infiltration in IM. Results: First, a total of 17 DEFRGs were identified. Second, a gene module identified by Cytoscape software was considered as hub gene: PTGS2, HMOX1, IFNG, and NOS2. Third, ROC analysis showed that HMOX1 and NOS2 had good diagnostic characteristics. qRT-PCR experiments confirmed the differential expression of HMOX1 in IM and normal gastric tissues. Finally, immunoassay showed that the proportion of T cells regulatory (Tregs) and macrophages M0 in IM was relatively higher, while the proportion of T cells CD4 memory activated and dendritic cells activated was lower. Conclusion: We found significant associations between FRGs and IM, and HMOX1 may be diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IM. These results may enhance our understanding of IM and may contribute to its treatment.

Clinical features and treatment effect of HIV-associated immune thrombocytopenia-single center Ten-Years data summary.

Thrombocytopenia represents one of the most prevalent hematologic complications observed in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, we sought to analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with coexisting HIV and thrombocytopenia. Specifically, we retrospectively examined the medical records of 45 patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and thrombocytopenia at the Yunnan Infectious Diseases Specialist Hospital between January 2010 and December 2020, all of whom received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with/without glucocorticoids. The median follow-up period was 79 days, ranging between 14 and 368 days, the total platelet count was higher after receiving treatment than before (Z = -5.662, P < .001). Among the cohort, 27 patients (60.0%) responded to treatment, with 12 patients (44.44%) experiencing relapse during the follow-up period. The response rate (80.00%) of newly diagnosed ITP were significantly higher than of persistent ITP (28.57%) and chronic ITP (38.46%) (\x 2 = 9.560, P = .008) and the relapse rate of the newly diagnosed ITP (30.00%) was significantly lower than the persistent ITP and chronic ITP (100.00%, 80.00%) (\x2 = 6.750, P = .034). Notably, we found that the number of CD4+ T cells, duration of HIV infection, selection of HAART and type of glucocorticoids administered displayed no statistically significant effect on platelet count, treatment response, or relapse rate. However, we observed a significant decrease in platelet count in hepatitis C virus-positive individuals coinfected with HIV compared to those with HIV alone (Z = -2.855, P = .003). Our findings suggest that patients diagnosed with HIV and thrombocytopenia exhibit a low response rate to treatment and have an increased likelihood of relapse.

Identification and Functional Characterization of CsMYCs in Cucumber Glandular Trichome Development.

Glandular trichomes (GTs), specialized structures formed by the differentiation of plant epidermal cells, are known to play important roles in the resistance of plants to external biotic and abiotic stresses. These structures are capable of storing and secreting secondary metabolites, which often have important agricultural and medicinal values. In order to better understand the molecular developmental mechanisms of GTs, studies have been conducted in a variety of crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), sweetworm (Artemisia annua), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The MYC transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family has been found to play an important role in GT development. In this study, a total of 13 cucumber MYC transcription factors were identified in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome. After performing phylogenetic analyses and conserved motifs on the 13 CsMYCs in comparison to previously reported MYC transcription factors that regulate trichome development, seven candidate MYC transcription factors were selected. Through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), CsMYC2 is found to negatively regulate GT formation while CsMYC4, CsMYC5, CsMYC6, CsMYC7, and CsMYC8 are found to positively regulate GT formation. Furthermore, the two master effector genes, CsMYC2 and CsMYC7, are observed to have similar expression patterns indicating that they co-regulate the balance of GT development in an antagonistic way.

Optimization of Sodium Storage Performance by Structure Engineering in Nickel-Cobalt-Sulfide.

The development of high-performance electrode materials is crucial for the advancement of sodium ion batteries (SIBs), and NiCo2 S4 has been identified as a promising anode material due to its high theoretical capacity and abundant redox centers. However, its practical application in SIBs is hampered by issues such as severe volume variations and poor cycle stability. Herein, the Mn-doped NiCo2 S4 @graphene nanosheets (GNs) composite electrodes with hollow nanocages were designed using a structure engineering method to relieve the volume expansion and improve the transport kinetics and conductivity of the NiCo2 S4 electrode during cycling. Physical characterization and electrochemical tests, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the resulting 3 % Mn-NCS@GNs electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance (352.9 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1 after 200 cycles, and 315.3 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 ). This work provides a promising strategy for enhancing the sodium storage performance of metal sulfide electrodes.

Novel players in organogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes.

Glandular trichomes (GTs) are outgrowths of plant epidermal cells that secrete and store specialized secondary metabolites that protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and have economic importance for human use. While extensive work has been done to understand the molecular mechanisms of trichome organogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which forms unicellular, nonglandular trichomes (NGTs), little is known about the mechanisms of GT development or regulation of secondary metabolites in plants with multicellular GTs. Here, we identified and functionally characterized genes associated with GT organogenesis and secondary metabolism in GTs of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). We developed a method for effective separation and isolation of cucumber GTs and NGTs. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that flavonoid accumulation in cucumber GTs is positively associated with increased expression of related biosynthesis genes. We identified 67 GT development-related genes, the functions of 7 of which were validated by virus-induced gene silencing. We further validated the role of cucumber ECERIFERUM1 (CsCER1) in GT organogenesis by overexpression and RNA interference transgenic approaches. We further show that the transcription factor TINY BRANCHED HAIR (CsTBH) serves as a central regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber GTs. Work from this study provides insight into the development of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in multicellular GTs.

The thoracolumbar interfascial block with local anesthesia in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated with percutaneous kyphoplasty provides better analgesia compared with local anesthesia alone: A randomized controlled study.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the thoracolumbar interfascial block (TLIPB) in percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), and to confirm that the TLIPB further minimizes perioperative pain and residual back pain on the basis of local anesthesia. Method: From April 2021 to May 2022, 60 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were included in this prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to a local anesthesia group (A group) or a TLIPB on the basis of local anesthesia group (A + TLIPB group) before PKP. Pain level (visual analog scale, VAS), amount of analgesic rescue drugs (parecoxib), operative time, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and complications were assessed and compared between the two groups. Results: Compared with the A group, VAS scores were lower in the A + TLIPB group, respectively, when the trocar punctured the vertebral body (7.4 ± 0.7 vs. 4.5 ± 0.9; P < 0.01), during balloon dilatation (6.6 ± 0.9 vs. 4.6 ± 0.9; P < 0.01), during bone cement injection (6.3 ± 0.6 vs. 4.3 ± 0.8; P < 0.01), 1 h after surgery (3.5 ± 0.7 vs. 2.9 ± 0.7; P < 0.01), and 24 h after surgery (2.5 ± 0.8 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4; P < 0.01). Residual back pain (VAS: 1.9 ± 0.9 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8; P < 0.01) and the incidence of rescue analgesic use (P = 0.02) in the A + TLIPB group were lower compared with the A group. Compared with the A group, mean arterial pressure and heart rate were lower in the A + TLIPB group when the trocar punctured the vertebral body, and with balloon dilatation and bone cement injection; however, there were no statistical differences between the groups 1 and 24 h after surgery. The incidences of bone cement leakage, constipation, and nausea were similar between the two groups. No patient developed infection, neurological injuries, constipation in either group. Conclusion: The addition of the TLIPB to local anesthesia can further minimize perioperative pain and residual back pain, and reduce perioperative rescue analgesic use. When added to local anesthesia, the TLIPB is an effective and safe anesthetic method for PKP. Clinical trial registration: This study has been registered in the Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR-2100044236.

Electrolyte Engineering on Performance Enhancement of NiCo2 S4 Anode for Sodium Storage.

NiCo2 S4 is an attractive anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high capacity and excellent redox reversibility. Practical deployment of NiCo2 S4 electrode in SIBs, however, is still hindered by the inferior capacity and unsatisfactory cycling performance, which result from the mismatch between the electrolyte chemistry and electrode. Herein, a functional electrolyte containing 1.0 m NaCF3 SO3 in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) (1.0 m NaCF3 SO3 -DEGDME) is developed, which can be readily used for NiCo2 S4 anode with high initial coulomb efficiency (96.2%), enhanced cycling performance, and boosted capacities (341.7 mA h g-1 after 250 continuous cycles at the current density of 200 mA g-1 ). The electrochemical tests and related phase characterization combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicate the ether-based electrolyte is more suitable for the NiCo2 S4 anode in SIBs due to the formation of a stable electrode-electrolyte interface. Additionally, the importance of the voltage window is also demonstrated to further optimize the electrochemical performance of the NiCo2 S4 electrode. The formation of sulfide intermediates during charging and discharging is predicted by combining DFT and verified by in situ XRD and HRTEM. The findings indicate that electrolyte engineering would be an effective way of performance enhancement for sulfides in practical SIBs.

Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety.

Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.