Research on the Effect and Mechanism of Selenium on Colorectal Cancer Through TRIM32.

The intake of selenium (Se) in the human body is negatively correlated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its mechanism in the occurrence and development of CRC is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Se on CRC, and explore the anti-tumor effect of Se supplementation on CRC and its molecular mechanism. In this study, we utilized colony formation assay, cell scratch test, Transwell migration, and flow cytometry to assess cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that Se effectively suppresses the growth and proliferation of CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW480 and promoting cellular apoptosis. In vivo experiments demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of Se on tumor growth. CRC-related datasets were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases for differential expression analysis of TRIM32 and survival analysis. We found that TRIM32 was highly expressed in tumor tissues of CRC patients and correlated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, through RNA sequencing analysis, we identified TRIM32 as a gene that was significantly decreased after Se treatment in HCT116 cells. This finding was subsequently validated by Western blot results. Moreover, TRIM32 knockdown combined with Se treatment significantly inhibited cell growth proliferation and migration and further induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings provided evidence that Se inhibited the growth of colorectal cancer cells by down-regulating TRIM32.

An ion synergism fluorescence probe via Cu2+ triggered competition interaction to detect glyphosate.

The widespread use of glyphosate (Gly) poses significant risks to environmental and human health, underscoring the urgent need for its sensitive and rapid detection. In this work, we innovated by developing a novel material, ionic liquids, which formed the ionic probe "[P66614]2[2,3-DHN]-Cu2+ (PDHN-Cu2+)" through coordination with Cu2+. This probe capitalized on the distinctive fluorescence quenching properties of ionic liquids in the presence of Cu2+, driven by synergistic interactions between anions and cations. Glyphosate disrupted the PDHN-Cu2+ coordination structure due to its stronger affinity for Cu2+, triggering a "turn-on" fluorescence response. Impressively, PDHN-Cu2+ enabled the sensitive detection of glyphosate within just one minute, achieving a detection limit as low as 71.4 nM and excellent recovery rates of 97-103% in diverse samples. This groundbreaking approach, utilizing ionic probes, lays a robust foundation for the accurate and real-time monitoring of pesticides, employing a strategy based on synergism and competitive coordination.

Depletion of regulatory T cells enhancing the anti-tumor effect of in situ vaccination in solid tumors.

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the clinical treatment for tumor. However, the low response rate of ICIs remains the major obstacle for curing patients and effective approaches for patients with primary or secondary resistance to ICIs remain lacking. In this study, immune stimulating agent unmethylated CG-enriched (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was locally injected into the tumor to trigger a robust immune response to eradicate cancer cells, while anti-CD25 antibody was applied to remove immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, which further enhanced the host immune activity to attack tumor systematically. The combination of CpG and anti-CD25 antibody obtained notable regression in mouse melanoma model. Furthermore, rechallenge of tumor cells in the xenograft model has resulted in smaller tumor volume, which demonstrated that the combinational treatment enhanced the activity of memory T cells. Remarkably, this combinational therapy presented significant efficacy on multiple types of tumors as well and was able to prevent relapse of tumor partially. Taken together, our combinational immunotherapy provides a new avenue to enhance the clinical outcomes of patients who are insensitive or resistant to ICIs treatments.

Circular RNAs: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.

The outcomes and prognosis of autoimmune diseases depend on early diagnosis and effective treatments. However, symptoms of early autoimmune diseases are often remarkably similar to many inflammatory diseases, leading to difficulty in precise diagnosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a novel class of endogenous RNAs, functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges or participating in protein coding. It has been shown in many studies that patients with autoimmune diseases have aberrant circRNA expression in liquid biopsy samples (such as plasma, saliva, and urine). Thus, circRNAs are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, overexpression and depletion of target circRNAs can be utilized as possible therapeutic approaches for treating autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the roles of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. We also discussed their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

ZYZ384 suppresses the growth of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer by activating JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.

The emergency of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has remarkably enhanced the clinical outcomes of cancer therapy, especially the use of EGFR inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, acquired resistance is inevitable after 8-12 months treatment. New agents or treatments are urgently required to resolve this problem. In this study, we identified that compound ZYZ384 can selectively inhibit the growth of gefitinib-resistant (G-R) lung cancer cells, without affecting that of normal lung epithelial cells. ZYZ384 induced G2 arrest in G-R NSCLC cells, decreasing the expression of Cyclin B1 and increasing the expression of P21. Meanwhile, ZYZ384 also induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells and correspondingly increased the expression of cleaved Caspase 3, 8, and 9 proteins. The expression of p-JNK, p-P38, and p-ERK were also increased in H1975 NSCLC cells treated with ZYZ384. Finally, we observed that the JNK inhibitor effectively reversed the pro-apoptotic effect of ZYZ384. In conclusion, ZYZ384 is a potential therapeutic agent to inhibit the growth of NSCLCs with EGFR mutations through activating JNK, which will help the development of related anticancer drugs.

Erratum: Author correction to 'Herbal formula BaWeiBaiDuSan alleviates polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver injury via increasing the gut microbiota Lactobacillus johnsonii and regulating macrophage anti-inflammatory activity in mice' [Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 13 (2023) 1164-1179].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.016.].

Longitudinal high-dimensional analysis identifies immune features associating with response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

Response to immunotherapy widely varies among cancer patients and identification of parameters associating with favourable outcome is of great interest. Here we show longitudinal monitoring of peripheral blood samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing anti-PD1 therapy by high-dimensional cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) multi-cytokines measurements. We find that higher proportions of circulating CD8+ and of CD8+CD101hiTIM3+ (CCT T) subsets significantly correlate with poor clinical response to immune therapy. Consistently, CD8+ T cells and CCT T cell frequencies remain low in most responders during the entire multi-cycle treatment regimen; and higher killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1 (KLRG1) expression in CCT T cells at baseline associates with prolonged progression free survival. Upon in vitro stimulation, CCT T cells of responders produce significantly higher levels of cytokines, including IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-8, IL-22 and MCP-1, than of non-responders. Overall, our results provide insights into the longitudinal immunological landscape underpinning favourable response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in lung cancer patients.

Detection of Single Cancer Cell Multidrug Resistance With Single Cell Bioanalyzer.

Objectives: Despite the development of various cancer treatment methods, chemotherapy remains the most common approach for treating cancer. The risk of tumors acquiring resistance to chemotherapy remains a significant hurdle to the successful treatment of various types of cancer. Therefore, overcoming or predicting multidrug resistance in clinical treatment is essential. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is an important component of liquid biopsy and the diagnosis of cancer. This study aims to test the feasibility of single-cell bioanalyzer (SCB) and microfluidic chip technology in identifying patients with cancer resistant to chemotherapy and propose new methods to provide clinicians with new choices. Methods: In this study, we used rapidly isolated viable CTCs from the patient blood samples method combined with SCB technology and a novel microfluidic chip, to predict whether patients with cancer are resistant to chemotherapy. SCB and microfluidic chip were used to select single CTCs, and the accumulation of chemotherapy drug was fluorescently measured in real time on these cells in the absence and presence of permeability-glycoprotein inhibitors. Results: Initially, we successfully isolated viable CTCs from the blood samples of patients. Additionally, the present study accurately predicted the response of 4 lung cancer patients to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the CTCs of 17 patients with breast cancer diagnosed at Zhuhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine were assessed. The results indicated that 9 patients were sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs, 8 patients were resistant to a certain degree, and only 1 was completely resistant to chemotherapy. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the SCB technology could be used as a prognostic assay to evaluate the CTCs response to available drugs and guide physicians to treatment options that are most likely to be effective.

DMU-212 against EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer via AMPK/PI3K/Erk signaling pathway.

Although some important advances have been achieved in clinical and diagnosis in the past few years, the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is ultimately dissatisfactory due to the low overall cure and survival rates. Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been recognized as a carcinogenic driver and is a crucial pharmacological target for NSCLC. DMU-212, an analog of resveratrol, has been reported to have significant inhibitory effects on several types of cancer. However, the effect of DMU-212 on lung cancer remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects and underlying mechanism of DMU-212 on EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells. The data found that the cytotoxicity of DMU-212 on three EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines was significantly higher than that of normal lung epithelial cell. Further study showed that DMU-212 can regulate the expression of cell cycle-related proteins including p21 and cyclin B1 to induce G2/M phase arrest in both H1975 and PC9 cells. Moreover, treatment with DMU-212 significantly promoted the activation of AMPK and simultaneously down-regulated the expression of EGFR and the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and ERK. In conclusion, our study suggested that DMU-212 inhibited the growth of NSCLCs via targeting of AMPK and EGFR.

Long non-coding RNA PFI inhibits apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells to alleviate lung injury via miR-328-3p/Creb1 axis.

Acute lung injury (ALI), a common clinical type of critical illness, is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by the damage of alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells. In a previous study, we reported a novel lncRNA, lncRNA PFI, which could protect against pulmonary fibrosis in pulmonary fibroblasts. The present study demonstrated that lncRNA PFI was downregulated in alveolar epithelial cell of mice injury lung tissues, and further investigated the role of lncRNA PFI in regulating inflammation-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. Overexpression of lncRNA PFI could partially abrogated bleomycin induced type II AECs injured. Subsequently, bioinformatic prediction revealed that lncRNA PFI might directly bind to miR-328-3p, and further AGO-2 RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay confirmed their binding relationship. Furthermore, miR-328-3p promoted apoptosis in MLE-12 cells by limiting the activation of the Creb1, a protein correlated with cell apoptosis, whereas AMO-328-3p ablated the pro-apoptosis effect of silencing lncRNA PFI in MLE-12 cells. While miR-328-3p could also ablate the function of lncRNA PFI in bleomycin treated human lung epithelial cells. Enhanced expression of lncRNA PFI reversed the LPS-induced lung injury in mice. Overall, these data reveal that lncRNA PFI mitigated acute lung injury through miR-328-3p/Creb1 pathway in alveolar epithelial cells.

Pinellia ternata-containing traditional Chinese medicine combined with 5-HT3RAs for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 RCTs.

BACKGROUND: Pinellia ternata (P. ternata, Banxia)-containing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in China as an adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, evidence of its efficacy and safety remains limited. PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of P. ternata-containing TCM combined with 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists (5-HT3RAs) in the treatment of CINV. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: All relevant RCTs were systematically retrieved from seven internet databases (up to February 10, 2023). P. ternata-containing TCM combined with 5-HT3RAs to treat CINV was included in all RCTs. The clinical effective rate (CER) was defined as the primary outcome, while appetite, quality of life (QOL), and side effects were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 22 RCTs with 1,787 patients. Our results indicated that P. ternata-containing TCM combined with 5-HT3RAs significantly improved the CER of CINV (RR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.37-1.57, p < 0.00001), appetite (RR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.42-2.20, p < 0.00001), QOL (RR = 7.67, 95% CI = 1.56-13.78, p = 0.01), the CER of several 5-HT3RA medications (RR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.37-1.57, p < 0.00001), and acute and delayed vomiting (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.12-1.36, p < 0.0001) compared with the 5-HT3RAs alone, while the combination therapy decreased the incidence of side effects induced by 5-HT3RAs for CINV (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.42-0.59, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis, P. ternata-containing TCM combined with 5-HT3RAs was safer and more effective than 5-HT3RAs alone for CINV patients. However, due to the limitations of the included studies, more high-quality clinical trials are required to further validate our findings.

ß-Elemene enhances erlotinib sensitivity through induction of ferroptosis by upregulating lncRNA H19 in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

Nearly half of all Asian non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harbour epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are one of the first-line treatments that have improved the outcomes of these patients. Unfortunately, 20% of these patients can not benefit from the treatment. The basis of this primary resistance is poorly understood. Therefore, overcoming EGFR-TKI primary resistance and maintaining the efficacy of TKIs has become a key issue. ß-Elemene, a sesquiterpene compound extracted from Curcuma aromatica Salisb. (wenyujing), has shown potent antitumor effects. In this research, we found that ß-elemene combined with erlotinib enhanced the cytotoxicity of erlotinib to primary EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells with EGFR mutations and that ferroptosis was involved in the antitumor effect of the combination treatment. We found that lncRNA H19 was significantly downregulated in primary EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines and was upregulated by the combination treatment. Overexpression or knockdown of H19 conferred sensitivity or resistance to erlotinib, respectively, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The high level of H19 enhanced the cytotoxicity of erlotinib by inducing ferroptosis. In conclusion, our data showed that ß-elemene combined with erlotinib could enhance sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs through induction of ferroptosis via H19 in primary EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer, providing a promising strategy to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC patients.

Pharmacokinetics, absorption and transport mechanism for ginseng polysaccharides.

BACKGROUND: Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated systematically due to the challenges of their detection. METHODS: The fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative (FITC) was employed to label GP and ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) to obtain target samples. HPLC-MS/MS assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of GP and GAP in rats. The Caco-2 cell model was used to investigate the uptake and transport mechanisms of GP and GAP in rats. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the absorption of GAP was more than that of GP in rats after gavage administration, while there was no significant difference between both after intravenous administration. In addition, we found that GAP and GP were more distributed in the kidney, liver and genitalia, suggesting that GAP and GP are highly targeted to the liver, kidney and genitalia. Importantly, we explored the uptake mechanism of GAP and GP. GAP and GP are endocytosed into the cell via lattice proteins or niche proteins. Both are transported lysosomally mediated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then enter the nucleus through the ER, thus completing the process of intracellular uptake and transportation. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that the uptake of GPs by small intestinal epithelial cells is primarily mediated via lattice proteins and the cytosolic cellar. The discovery of important pharmacokinetic properties and the uncovering of the absorption mechanism provide a research rationale for the research of GP formulation and clinical promotion.

Herbal formula BaWeiBaiDuSan alleviates polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver injury via increasing the gut microbiota Lactobacillus johnsonii and regulating macrophage anti-inflammatory activity in mice.

Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is an important cause of septicemia deaths. BaWeiBaiDuSan (BWBDS) was extracted from a formula of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Lilium brownie F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker, Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Amygdalus Communis Vas, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., and Cortex Phelloderdri. Herein, we investigated whether the BWBDS treatment could reverse SILI by the mechanism of modulating gut microbiota. BWBDS protected mice against SILI, which was associated with promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and enhancing intestinal integrity. BWBDS selectively promoted the growth of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in cecal ligation and puncture treated mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation treatment indicated that gut bacteria correlated with sepsis and was required for BWBDS anti-sepsis effects. Notably, L. johnsonii significantly reduced SILI by promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity, increasing interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production and enhancing intestinal integrity. Furthermore, heat inactivation L. johnsonii (HI-L. johnsonii) treatment promoted macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and alleviated SILI. Our findings revealed BWBDS and gut microbiota L. johnsonii as novel prebiotic and probiotic that may be used to treat SILI. The potential underlying mechanism was at least in part, via L. johnsonii-dependent immune regulation and interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production.

Overcoming Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment by Vaccines in Solid Tumor.

Conventional vaccines are widely used to boost human natural ability to defend against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Recently, therapeutic cancer vaccines attracted the most attention for anti-cancer therapy. According to the main components, it can be divided into five types: cell, DNA, RNA, peptide, and virus-based vaccines. They mainly perform through two rationales: (1) it trains the host immune system to protect itself and effectively eradicate cancer cells; (2) these vaccines expose the immune system to molecules associated with cancer that enable the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. In this review, we thoroughly summarized the potential strategies and technologies for developing cancer vaccines, which may provide critical achievements for overcoming the suppressive tumor microenvironment through vaccines in solid tumors.

Holistic immunomodulation for small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by a high mortality rate, rapid growth, and early metastasis, which lead to a poor prognosis. Moreover, limited clinical treatment options further lower the survival rate of patients. Therefore, novel technology and agents are urgently required to enhance clinical efficacy. In this review, from a holistic perspective, we summarized the therapeutic targets, agents and strategies with the most potential for treating SCLC, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy, immunomodulating antibodies, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and the microbiota, which have been found recently to improve the clinical outcomes and prognosis of SCLC. Multiomics technologies can be integrated to develop effective diagnostic methods and identify new targets for new drug discovery in SCLC. We discussed in depth the feasibility, potential, and challenges of these new strategies, as well as their combinational treatments, which may provide promising alternatives for enhancing the clinical efficacy of SCLC in the future.

Tumor PKCδ instigates immune exclusion in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The recruitment of a sufficient number of immune cells to induce an inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME) is a prerequisite for effective response to cancer immunotherapy. The immunological phenotypes in the TME of EGFR-mutated lung cancer were characterized as non-inflamed, for which immunotherapy is largely ineffective. METHODS: Global proteomic and phosphoproteomic data from lung cancer tissues were analyzed aiming to map proteins related to non-inflamed TME. The ex vivo and in vivo studies were carried out to evaluate the anti-tumor effect. Proteomics was applied to identify the potential target and signaling pathways. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to knock out target genes. The changes of immune cells were monitored by flow cytometry. The correlation between PKCδ and PD-L1 was verified by clinical samples. RESULTS: We proposed that PKCδ, a gatekeeper of immune homeostasis with kinase activity, is responsible for the un-inflamed phenotype in EGFR-mutated lung tumors. It promotes tumor progression by stimulating extracellular matrix (ECM) and PD-L1 expression which leads to immune exclusion and assists cancer cell escape from T cell surveillance. Ablation of PKCδ enhances the intratumoral penetration of T cells and suppresses the growth of tumors. Furthermore, blocking PKCδ significantly sensitizes the tumor to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy (αPD-1) in vitro and in vivo model. CONCLUSIONS: These findings revealed that PKCδ is a critical switch to induce inflamed tumors and consequently enhances the efficacy of ICB therapy in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. This opens a new avenue for applying immunotherapy against recalcitrant tumors.

Dysbiosis: The first hit for digestive system cancer.

Gastrointestinal cancer may be associated with dysbiosis, which is characterized by an alteration of the gut microbiota. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the development of gastrointestinal cancer is useful for cancer prevention and gut microbiota-based therapy. However, the potential role of dysbiosis in the onset of tumorigenesis is not fully understood. While accumulating evidence has demonstrated the presence of dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota of both healthy individuals and patients with various digestive system diseases, severe dysbiosis is often present in patients with digestive system cancer. Importantly, specific bacteria have been isolated from the fecal samples of these patients. Thus, the association between dysbiosis and the development of digestive system cancer cannot be ignored. A new model describing this relationship must be established. In this review, we postulate that dysbiosis serves as the first hit for the development of digestive system cancer. Dysbiosis-induced alterations, including inflammation, aberrant immune response, bacteria-produced genotoxins, and cellular stress response associated with genetic, epigenetic, and/or neoplastic changes, are second hits that speed carcinogenesis. This review explains the mechanisms for these four pathways and discusses gut microbiota-based therapies. The content included in this review will shed light on gut microbiota-based strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.

Single-dose rAAV5-based vaccine provides long-term protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants, has posed unprecedented challenges worldwide. Existing vaccines have limited effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, novel vaccines to match mutated viral lineages by providing long-term protective immunity are urgently needed. We designed a recombinant adeno-associated virus 5 (rAAV5)-based vaccine (rAAV-COVID-19) by using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD-plus) sequence with both single-stranded (ssAAV5) and self-complementary (scAAV5) delivery vectors and found that it provides excellent protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single-dose vaccination in mice induced a robust immune response; induced neutralizing antibody (NA) titers were maintained at a peak level of over 1:1024 more than a year post-injection and were accompanied by functional T-cell responses. Importantly, both ssAAV- and scAAV-based RBD-plus vaccines produced high levels of serum NAs against the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. A SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge showed that the ssAAV5-RBD-plus vaccine protected both young and old mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Whole genome sequencing demonstrated that AAV vector DNA sequences were not found in the genomes of vaccinated mice one year after vaccination, demonstrating vaccine safety. These results suggest that the rAAV5-based vaccine is safe and effective against SARS-CoV-2 and several variants as it provides long-term protective immunity. This novel vaccine has a significant potential for development into a human prophylactic vaccination to help end the global pandemic.