ABSTRACT
A method for the determination of 22 phthalate esters in polystyrene food-contact materials has been established using ultraperformance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, 22 phthalate esters were analyzed in <3.5 min on an ACQUITY Tours 1-AA column by gradient elution. The mobile phase, the compensation solvent, the flow rate of mobile phase, column temperature, and automatic back pressure regulator pressure were optimized, respectively. There was a good linearity of 20 phthalate esters with a range of 0.05-10 mg/L, diisodecyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate were 0.25-10 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients of all phthalates were higher than 0.99 and those of 16 phthalates were higher than 0.999. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification of 15 phthalates were 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg, meanwhile diallyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg, and diisodecyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate were 0.10 and 0.25 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 76.26-107.76%, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.78-12.10%. Results support this method as an efficient alternative to apply for the simultaneous determination of 22 phthalate esters in common polystyrene food-contact materials.
ABSTRACT
It is not known whether combination of hypertension and high homocysteine (HHcy) impacts on stroke-related neurological severity. Our aim was to determine whether there is an interaction of hypertension and HHcy on neurological severity in first-ever ischemic stroke patients. We analyzed neurological severity among 189 consecutive first-ever ischemic stroke patients with or without hypertension or HHcy. Hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 8.086, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.596-18.181, P < .001) and total homocysteine (OR: 1.403, 95% CI: 1.247-1.579, P < .001) were independently associated with neurological severity. In receiver-operating characteristic analysis, total homocysteine was a significant predictor of neurological severity (area under curve: 0.794; P < .001). A multiplicative interaction of hypertension and HHcy on more severe neurological severity was revealed by binary logistic regression (OR: 13.154, 95% CI: 5.293-32.691, P < .001). Analysis further identified a more than multiplicative interaction of hypertension and HHcy on neurological severity compared with patients without each condition (OR: 50.600, 95% CI: 14.775-173.285, P < .001). Interaction effect measured on an additive scale showed that 76.4% patients with moderate/severe neurological severity were attributed to interaction of hypertension and HHcy. Significant interaction of hypertension and HHcy on neurological severity was found on multiplicative and additive scale in first-ever Chinese ischemic stroke patients.
ABSTRACT
Sleep apnoea is associated with chronic kidney diseases. A high obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) prevalence is shown in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Whether the presence of OSA would affect the renal function of patients with HCM is unknown. Forty-five consecutive patients with HCM were divided into the HCM OSA- and OSA+ groups. Forty-three patients with OSA without HCM were recruited as controls. Clinical indices, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), were measured. The eGFR was significantly lower in the HCM OSA+ group than in the HCM OSA- (P < 0.05) and OSA (P < 0.001) groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified that the apnoea-hypopnoea index was independently associated with eGFR in all patients with HCM (ß = -1.329, 95% confidence interval: -1.942, -0.717, P < 0.001). The urine 8-OHdG level, an oxidative stress marker, was significantly higher in the HCM OSA+ group than in the HCM OSA- (P < 0.001) and OSA (P < 0.001) groups and significantly correlated with the AHI (r = 0.467, P = 0.003) and eGFR (r = -0.457, P = 0.004) in all patients with HCM. Our study suggests a risk of eGFR decline in patients with HCM and OSA.
Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications , Adult , Aged , Female , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
As a model terpenoid,the ginsenoside is one of Panax ginseng’s main effective components.An overview of biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids and the HMG-CoA reductases was presented.The massive research materials indicated that the HMG-CoA reductases is the first key enzyme of the regulation of the mevalonic acid way,which has some reference value to promote the research on the biosynthetic pathway and the regulation of ginsenoside.
