Evaluating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality in an agricultural land, northeastern China.

The impact of soil erosion on soil quality is still not systematically understood. The purpose of this study was thus to quantify the impact of soil erosion on soil quality and its change with slope morphology in an agricultural field, northeastern China based on radionuclide 137Cs, unmanned aerial vehicle derived high resolution digital elevation model, and soil sampling. 137Cs method yielded an average soil erosion rate of - 275 t km-2 yr-1 ranging from - 1870 to 1557 t km-2 yr-1. The soil quality index derived from total dataset (SQI_TDS) can be well explained by that derived from minimum data set (SQI_MDS) with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.874. SOM, sand, and cation exchange capacity in the MDS play more important roles than other soil indicators. Soil quality was significantly affected by soil erosion, with Adj. R2 of 0.29 and 0.33 for SQI_TDS and SQI_MDS, respectively. The spatial variations of soil erosion and soil quality were both affected by slope topography. Soil erosion must be controlled according to topographic and erosion characteristics in northeastern China.

Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with myocardial infarction were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, and Technology Journal database. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to score the quality of the included literature in the cohort and case-control studies, and the cross-sectional studies were scored using the American Agency for Health Care Quality and Research cross-sectional study quality evaluation criteria. The literature was screened independently by 2 researchers, and if there was no consensus, the inclusion was decided by a third party. The extraction content included first author, publication year, sample size, PTSD assessment tool, PTSD assessment time, PTSD incidence, influencing factors, and study type. Meta-analysis of data was performed using Stata17.0 software. RESULTS: Ten studies were included, including 2 cohort studies, 7 cross-sectional studies, and 1 case-control study, with a total sample size of 2371 patients, including 26 influencing factors. The results of meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of PTSD in patients with myocardial infarction was 21.2%. Statistically significant influencing factors were gender (odd ratio [OR] = 3.124), neuroticism score (OR = 2.069), and age (OR = 0.913). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PTSD in patients with myocardial infarction in China is higher than that in other countries. Female and neurotic personality are risk factors for developing PTSD in patients with myocardial infarction, and old age is protective factor for developing PTSD in patients with myocardial infarction. Targeted measures should be taken to prevent and reduce the occurrence and development of PTSD in patients with myocardial infarction in the future.

Factors influencing self-quantification for patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional Study.

This study aimed to investigate the level of self-quantification among patients with hypertension and identify the factors influencing this behavior. This study aimed to investigate self-quantification levels and identify influencing factors among 400 patients diagnosed with hypertension. Employing a convenience sampling method, the research was conducted across diverse healthcare settings, including a tertiary hospital, 2 community hospitals, 2 pension institutions, and 5 residential areas. Participants underwent assessment using a self-quantification scale. The collected data underwent thorough analysis using various statistical methods, including descriptive analysis for an overview, 2 independent samples t test for mean comparisons, one-way analysis of variance for variations among groups, and multiple linear regression analysis to identify influential factors. This robust methodology was applied to gain comprehensive insights into the self-quantification behaviors of patients with hypertension. The total self-quantification score for patients with hypertension was found to be (96.64 ±â€…14.16). The average value for all dimensions was (3.22 ± 0.47). Notably, medical insurance type, education level, age, and complications were identified as significant factors influencing self-quantification among patients with hypertension. The study concludes that patients without medical insurance, with lower education levels, older age, and no complications tended to have lower levels of self-quantification. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions to improve self-quantification in these specific patient groups. By addressing the identified influencing factors, healthcare providers can implement measures to enhance self-quantification among patients with hypertension.

SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH WILSON'S DISEASE.

Hepatomegaly is an autosomal recessive condition with an estimated 1:30000 cases worldwide. Because the symptoms and indicators of hepatomegaly mental disease are poorly understood, the ailment is frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, which causes irreparable nerve damage in the patient's later years. To comprehensively review the research and offer a list of treatments for treating mental illnesses in hepatomegaly. PRISMA guidelines were used to deliver the review. Evidence-based nursing standards were used to design research questions and tactics. In order to find information on hepatomegaly clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and expert consensus on the management of mental disorders in patients with nuclear degeneration, all databases of CINAHL, Up to Date, the Cochrane Library, Pubmed(Medline), Embase, Wiley, JBI, International Guidelines.com, Wanfang, and CNKI were searched. This investigation covered a total of 14 publications, and 41 best evidence items, encompassing screening, evaluation, clinical symptoms, pharmaceutical therapies, non-pharmacological interventions, and health education, were retrieved. It is recommended that healthcare professionals evaluate our cultural characteristics, medical resources, and patient's subjective and objective conditions before clinical application, apply the evidence in a targeted manner to improve patient's health outcomes, and reduce readmissions. The 41 best evidence for patients with hepatomegaly can guide the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with hepatomegaly and psychiatric disorders.

Distributed optical synthetic aperture position-transformed method with high-frequency domain coverage.

Realizing an ultrahigh-equivalent aperture for space-based direct optical detection using a distributed optical synthetic aperture (DOSA) system with a very low filling ratio is challenging. This study proposes a position-transformation method for DOSA systems with high-frequency domain coverage called High-Frequency domain-Covering discrete Archimedean Spiral Arrays (HFCASA). The study shows that Golay3 HFCASA with a filling ratio of 0.0675% can greatly improve frequency domain coverage and fulfill the resolution requirements of a 200 m aperture telescope. HFCASA provides the theoretical basis for the future deep-space exploration of DOSA.

Factors associated with participation in cardiac rehabilitation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the participation rate is low and its influencing factors vary. Our study aimed to systematically review the literature and investigate the participation rates and influencing factors of CR in patients with AMI. METHODS: We searched 10 databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and so forth. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the studies on the factors affecting CR participation in AMI. The Q tests and the I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity between studies. The combined effect size and odds ratio (OR) and their respective 95% confidence interval (CI) for CR participation rate and its influences are expressed, respectively. Stata 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We included 14 studies with 114 542 participants. Current evidence indicates a CR participation rate of 34% (95% CI: 21%-46%) in patients with AMI. The pooled OR values and CI of each influencing factor are as follows: over 60 years old (OR = 0.865; 95% CI: 0.772-0.969), male (OR = 1.690; 95% CI: 1.276-2.239), college education or above (OR = 2.526; 95% CI: 1.117-5.711), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR = 4.257; 95% CI: 2.004-9.045), decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (OR = 0.918; 95% CI: 0.868-0.971), higher economic level (OR = 1.282; 95% CI: 1.108-1.483), history of coronary heart disease(OR = 0.667; 95% CI: 0.509-0.875), smoking (OR = 0.665; 95% CI: 0.550-0.805), combined hypertension (OR = 0.638; 95% CI: 0.562-0.723), and combined hyperlipidemia (OR = 0.577; 95% CI: 0.512-0.651). CONCLUSIONS: The overall participation rate of CR in AMI patients is low, and various factors affect the participation rate. Specialist medical staff are needed to further promote CR rehabilitation concepts and scientific knowledge, and take appropriate measures to address the influencing factors to increase CR utilization and improve patient prognosis.

Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids.

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a class of water-soluble active substances produced by various aquatic organisms. However, due to the limitations of low accumulation of MAAs in organisms, the cumbersome extraction process, difficult identification, and high cost, MAAs have not yet been widely used in human life. Recently, there has been an emergence of heterologous synthesis for MAAs, making increasing yield the key to the quantification and application of MAAs. This review summarizes the latest research progress of MAAs, including: (1) introducing the biodistribution of MAAs and the content differences among different species to provide a reference for the selection of research subjects; (2) elaborating the species and molecular information of MAAs; (3) dissecting the synthesis mechanism and sorting out the synthesis pathways of various MAAs; (4) summarizing the methods of extraction and identification, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages, and providing a reference for the optimization of extraction protocols; (5) examining the heterologous synthesis method; and (6) summarizing the physiological functions of MAAs. This paper comprehensively updates the latest research status of MAAs and the various problems that need to be addressed, especially emphasizing the potential advantages of heterologous synthesis in the future production of MAAs.

Beneficial effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular diseases by influencing NLRP3 inflammasome.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of global mortality and have a high incidence rate worldwide. The function of inflammasomes in CVDs has received a lot of attention recently, and the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may be a new target for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Flavonoids, which are found in food and plant extracts, inhibited inflammation in CVDs by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. CB-Dock was used to investigate whether 34 flavonoids from natural products acted on NLRP3 inflammasome. In brief, the PDB format of NLRP3 was selected as a protein file, and 34 flavonoids in SDF format were selected as the ligand file, and then input to CB-Dock for molecular docking. The docking results showed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), amentoflavone, baicalin, scutellarin, vitexin, silibinin, and puerarin had good binding affinities to NLRP3, which could be used as NLRP3 inhibitors, and aid in the discovery of lead compounds for the design and development of CVDs.

Delamination of rotator cuff tears: Real-time dynamic ultrasound findings.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of diagnosing delaminated tears and ultrasonic characteristics on real-time dynamic ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 143 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between April 2020 and January 2021. All patients were examined using real-time dynamic ultrasound of the shoulder within 2 weeks before arthroscopy. In our study, delaminated tears were defined as intratendinous horizontal splitting with or without the retraction of the articular or bursal layer of tendon. Delaminated tears were classified into three types on the basis of their shape: greater retraction of the articular layer (type I), greater retraction of the bursal layer (type II), and equal retraction of both layers (type III). The sensitivity and specificity of real-time dynamic ultrasound for evaluation of delaminated tears were calculated using arthroscopy findings as the gold standard. Ultrasonic imaging appearances of delaminated rotator cuff tears were further described. RESULTS: Of the 143 patients, 47 (32.9%) had delaminated tears as confirmed by arthroscopy; 35 of these tears involved the supraspinatus tendon and 12 involved both supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. Real-time dynamic ultrasound correctly diagnosed 36 of 47 delaminated tears with sensitivity 72.0% (57.2%-83.3%) and specificity 96.7% (90.2%-99.2%). Moreover, type I tear (n = 32) was more common than type II (n = 11) and type III tears (n = 4). Real-time dynamic ultrasound evaluated shape of type I, type II, and type III with a sensitivity and specificity of 56% and 80%, 72% and 83%, and 100% and 98%, respectively. Anechoic horizontal linear splitting of tendon, unequal retraction of the bursal and articular layers, and thinning of the suffering tendon were the three signs observed during real-time dynamic ultrasound examination. These three signs were indicative of a diagnosis of delaminated rotator cuff tears with high specificities (100.0%, 100.0%, and 97.9%, respectively) but relatively low sensitivities (25.5%, 25.5%, and 36.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Real-time dynamic ultrasound can be practically used for diagnosing delamination of rotator cuff tears with medium sensitivity and high specificity. Anechoic horizontal linear splitting of tendon, unequal retraction of the bursal and articular layers, and thinning of the involved tendon are the three important ultrasonic signs for diagnosis of delaminated rotator cuff tears.

Caregiving experiences of stroke caregivers: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers of stroke patients have demanding caregiving tasks and roles, and they face multiple challenges and a variety of needs in their caregiving process. This study aimed to systematically integrate and evaluate qualitative research data to understand the care experiences of caregivers of stroke patients and to provide them with targeted assistance. METHODS: We critically assessed the study using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Assessment Checklist for Qualitative Research. Extraction, summarization and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. Qualitative studies related to this study were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, China Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang Database by computer from the establishment of the database to February 2022. The method of tracing citations was used to find other articles that might be included to ensure the comprehensiveness of the search articles. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies, including 167 participants, were included, and 40 research results were extracted, summarized into 8 new categories, and formed 2 meta-themes. Meta-theme 1: Caregivers had emotional struggles during caregiving but were still able to provide compassion and care for patients through positive coping. Meta-theme 2: caregivers faced many difficulties in the care process and were eager for support. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiving is a long and heavy process. Society, medical institutions, and families should pay full attention to the feelings and needs of stroke caregivers in the care process and provide appropriate support for them.

Improving the accuracy of nonpoint-source pollution estimates in inland waters with coupled satellite-UAV data.

Quantitatively and accurately analyzing nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution is essential for efficiently preventing the input of NPS loads into inland waters. However, the accuracy of previous NPS pollution models is limited by the accuracy of ground parameter data. In addition, there are few effective methods that thoroughly verify modeling results at large scales. This paper presents a framework for accurate NPS pollution estimation by coupling satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring data, and the results are verified by both field sampling and a newly developed inlet NPS pollution "observation" simulation method. Fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) data obtained by satellite were used to improve the accuracy of the runoff module of the framework. Satellite and UAV data were coupled to acquire livestock data, determine inlets, and identify reservoir buffer zones and vegetation types. These new data were then used to improve the accuracy of the livestock and runoff modules in the framework. The results show that the estimation accuracy of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand with FVC were improved by 39.96%, 69.29%, 54.05% and 47.22% (in relative error), respectively. The high-resolution livestock data acquisition improved the estimation accuracy of the NPS pollution load by 7-53%. The high-resolution inlet extraction improved the accuracy by 3-24%. The high-resolution buffer zone identification improved the accuracy with the estimated NPS pollutant concentration into reservoir decreasing by 60-99%. Finally, the high-resolution vegetation type identification improved the accuracy by 10-72%. The framework performs satisfactorily, which was verified based on the simulated NPS observations with an average relative error of 11.54-24.31%. We found that the FVC, livestock number, and inlet number are key parameters for NPS pollution modeling; the introduction of monthly variation in the FVC makes the modeled NPS pollution load much higher in areas with mature complex forested ecosystems or densely distributed vegetation but much lower in areas with sparsely distributed vegetation. The above methods provide a scientific reference for high-efficiency NPS pollution prevention in inland waters, laying a solid basis for decision-making regarding water quality management in data-scarce regions around the world.

Long-term survival analysis of patients with stage IIIB-IV non-small cell lung cancer complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on overall survival (OS) of patients with stage IIIB-IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC from January 2015 to December 2018 in the Department of Oncology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Kaplan-Meier plots, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to describe the effect of T2DM on the OS of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC. RESULTS: This study collected data on 76 patients with NSCLC and T2DM (group A) and 214 NSCLC patients without T2DM (group B). After propensity score matching (PSM) analysis, 74 patients were included in each group. The mean OS of all patients was 17 months (range, 11-31 months). The mean OS of group A was 15 months (range, 8-25 months) and the mean OS of group B was 20 months (range, 14-39 months). The mean OS of group B was longer than group A, and the difference was statistically significant. Univariate analysis of the clinical data showed that T2DM and complications were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC (p = 0.003 and p = 0.034). Multivariate Cox model analysis showed that T2DM and complications were independent prognostic factors for patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC (p = 0.002 and p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSION: Stage IIIB-IV NSCLC patients without T2DM have an increased OS compared to patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLE and T2DM.

The relation between body mass index and primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The relation between body mass index (BMI) categories and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea has been investigated, but the results of these studies are inconsistent and controversial. The aim of our study was to systematically review the literature and investigate the association between each category of BMI and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies related to BMI and primary dysmenorrhea. Eleven databases-PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Wanfang database-were systematically searched from inception to March 2022. We used the 11 items recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to assess the quality of included studies. The Q test and the I2 test were used to evaluate the heterogeneity among studies. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled by fixed-effects models or random-effects models. Stata software version 16.0 was used to complete the statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 4181 articles were collected from the database, and 12 studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 29 647 participants were included in the study, with a mean baseline age of 17-45 years. All included literature was published between 2017 and 2021 and was conducted in six countries. Eleven included studies were of medium quality and one included study was of high quality. Being underweight may be related to the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea (12 studies, n = 6545, OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.18-1.73). Being overweight (12 studies, n = 3098) and obesity (four studies, n = 94) may not be associated with the development of primary dysmenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Being underweight may increase the risk of the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea, whereas overweight and obesity might not be associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Due to the limitations of the meta-analysis, more studies are needed to investigate the relation between each category of BMI and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea. To maintain a balanced diet and an appropriate lifestyle is beneficial for people to have the normal category of BMI and live a healthy life, which may play a role in preventing the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea.

Effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on reproduction, oxidative stress and reproduction and detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna.

The drastic increase of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environment has become a serious threat to marine and freshwater ecosystems. However, little information is available regarding the potential detrimental effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) on aquatic organisms. This study investigated the changes of reproduction parameters, oxidative stress and the expression of reproduction and detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna after exposed to 2 ± 1 and 50 ± 10 µm PVC-MPs. The results showed that chronic exposure to 2 ± 1 µm PVC-MPs prolonged days to the first brood, increased total number of broods per female and frequency of molting per adult, decreased offspring number at first brood and total number of offspring per female in D. magna. Moreover, 2 ± 1 µm PVC-MPs also disturbed the activities of SOD and CAT, increased GSH and MDA levels. The expression of Vtg, SOD, CAT, CYP314 and CYP360A8 genes also exhibited different response patterns depending on exposure time. Furthermore, 50 ± 10 µm PVC-MPs decreased offspring at first brood and Vtg mRNA level, increased the transcription levels and activities of SOD and CAT. These results suggest that the presence of PVC-MPs in aquatic environment may cause reproduction toxicity by disrupting the reproduction and detoxification-related genes expression and inducing oxidative stress in D. magna.

Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: A review of bibliometric studies and visual analysis of CiteSpace (2012-2021).

Home-based cardiac rehabilitation has been a major area in cardiac rehabilitation research for a long time. However, there are few systematic studies in this field using bibliometric analysis. We collected articles and reviews for home-based cardiac rehabilitation from the Web of Science Core Collection. Our objectives were to perform a bibliometric analysis and visualization study to determine hotspots and trends of home-based cardiac rehabilitation, identify collaboration and influence among authors, countries, institutions, and journals, and assess the knowledge base to develop clinical research in the future. This study will provide a valuable reference for researchers concerned with HBCR.

Changes in Cultivated Land Area and Associated Soil and SOC Losses in Northeastern China: The Role of Land Use Policies.

Land use policy is the driving factor influencing land use; however, little research has been conducted to identify the role of agricultural policy in influencing land cultivation and associated soil and soil organic carbon (SOC) losses. The aims of this study were to explore temporal changes in cultivated land, soil erosion, and SOC loss and to identify the role of land use policy. The present study was conducted using the revised universal soil loss equation by integrating remote sensing images from 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2017. The study found that cultivated land areas increased from 275.11 thousand km2 in 1980, to 300.03 thousand km2 in 2000, and to 344.16 thousand km2 in 2010, and then decreased by 326.94 thousand km2. The mean soil loss rates changed from 590.66 t·km-2·yr-1 in 1980 to 634.25 t·km-2·yr-1 in 2010, and then decreased to 495.66 t·km-2·yr-1 in 2017. Soil loss rate increased with increasing slope gradient. The changes in SOC loss rates demonstrated the same pattern as that of soil loss, with the largest loss rate of 728.27 kg·km-2·yr-1. These changes can be explained by changed land use policy and population growth. In future land use management, reasonable implementation of soil conservation measures should be undertaken to reduce soil and SOC losses in the black soil region of northeastern China.

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Rainfall intensity, slope length, and slope gradient are the important factors affecting runoff and sediment yield. In order to quantitatively analyze the effects of rainfall intensity, slope length, and slope gradient on the erosion process of Ansai loess slope in loess hilly and gully region, we analyzed the variation of runoff and sediment yield on Ansai loess with two slope lengths (5, 10 m), three slopes (5°, 10°, 15°) and two rainfall intensities (60, 90 mm·h-1) in an indoor simulated rainfall experiment. The results showed that the initial runoff generation time decreased with the increases of slope length, though the overall change was not significant. The initial runoff generation time decreased with the increases of rainfall intensity. Compared with the intensity of 60 mm·h-1, the initial runoff generation time decreased by 5.7-18 min under the intensity of 90 mm·h-1. Among them, the runoff initiation time on the slope of 10° was the fastest. With the duration of rainfall, runoff yield rate increased rapidly at first, and then gradually fluctuated around a certain value. The sediment yield rate increased rapidly in a short period of time at the initial stage of runoff generation, and then decreased after reaching the maximum, and being gradua-lly stable. The rates of runoff and sediment yield increased with the increases of slope length and rainfall intensity, but the law of change with slope was not obvious. With the increases of rainfall intensity, slope length and gradient, the total sediment yield increased accordingly. Under the rainfall intensity of 90 mm·h-1, the slope surface with the length of 10 m and slope of 15° generated rill, leading to the highest total erosion amount (11885.66 g). Under the rainfall intensity of 60 mm·h-1, the erosion amount per unit area decreased with the increases of slope length, and there was a critical erosion slope length in 5-10 m slope section. Slope length, slope and rainfall intensity all played a promoting role in runoff process. Rainfall intensity, slope length, and their interaction contributed more to runoff yield rate and total erosion amount. Rainfall intensity contributed the most to runoff yield rate, with a contribution rate of 49.8%. The contribution rate of slope length to the total erosion was the largest, which reached 37.8%.

Responses of Runoff and Soil Loss on Slopes to Land Use Management and Rainfall Characteristics in Northern China.

Soil conservation measures are widely used to control soil erosion and sediment loss; however, their proper usage relies on a deep understanding of the responses of runoff and sediment loss to land management and rainfall characteristics. In the present study, a long-term (2014-2020) monitored dataset derived from ten runoff plots in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, China, was used to study runoff and sediment loss responses to land use management and rainfall characteristics. The study results show that plots with no soil conservation measures had the highest runoff depth of 75 mm and suffered the highest sediment loss, at a rate of 3200 t km-2 yr-1. The terraced and vegetated plots generated lower runoff depths, with soil loss rates less than 213.0 t km-2 yr-1. With the exception of the contour tillage plots on steep slopes, the vegetation and engineering measures can efficiently reduce runoff and sediment loss, with both runoff and sediment reduction efficiencies higher than 76%. Statistical analyses indicate that, on the plots of bare soil and cultivation without soil conservation measures, runoff and sediment loss were mainly affected by the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity. However, on the plots with soil conservation measures, they were mainly determined by rainfall amount and duration. The sediment loss rate can be well fitted with the runoff depth using a power function. Based on the analyses, water-saving soil conservation measures are recommended for the study area. In addition, the size of terraces should be reconsidered on gentle slopes, and the coverage of forest, shrubs, and grass on slopes should be reduced, thus allowing for more surface runoff generation to ensure drinking water safety. In general, for the study area, soil conservation measures are required on the bare soil and cultivated slopes.

Responses of Runoff and Soil Loss to Rainfall Regimes and Soil Conservation Measures on Cultivated Slopes in a Hilly Region of Northern China.

Cultivated land plays an important role in water and soil loss in earthy/rocky mountainous regions in northern China, however, its response to soil conservation measures and rainfall characteristics are still not fully understood. In the present study, 85 erosive rainfall events in 2011-2019 were grouped into three types, and the responses of runoff and soil loss to soil conservation measures and rainfall regimes on five cultivated plots with different slopes in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir were evaluated. Results found that mean event runoff depths and soil loss rates on the five plots ranged from 0.03 mm to 7.05 mm and from 0.37 t km-2 to 300.51 t km-2 respectively, depending on rainfall regimes, soil conservation measures, and slope gradients. The high frequency (i.e., 72.94%) rainfall regime A with a short rainfall duration (RD), low rainfall amount (P), and high mean rainfall intensity (Im) yielded a lower runoff depth and higher soil loss rate. Rainfall regime B with a longer RD, and a higher P and Im, however, produced higher a runoff depth and lower soil loss rate. Terraced plots had the highest runoff and soil loss reduction efficiencies of over 96.03%. Contour tillage had comparable sediment reduction efficiency to that of the terraced plots on gentle slopes (gradient less than 11.0%), while its runoff reduction efficiency was less than 13.11%. This study implies that in the Miyun Reservoir catchment and similar regions in the world, contour tillage should be promoted on gentle slopes, and the construction of terraced plots should be given ample consideration as they could greatly reduce water quantity and cause water shortages in downstream catchments.

One-Pot Process for the Production of Ginsenoside Rd by Coupling Enzyme-Assisted Extraction with Selective Enzymolysis.

One-pot process for the production of ginsenoside Rd by coupling enzyme-assisted extraction with selective enzymolysis was explored in this paper. Several detection methods including HPLC-MS were used to identify and quantify the products in the enzymolysis solution of pectinase. Results showed that ginsenoside Rd was the main component in enzymolysis solution, pectinase specifically hydrolyzes protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside and was a selective enzyme to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd in a way. In addition the influencing factors on the yield of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd were optimized using L9(34) orthogonal design data. The enzymolysis conditions for the higher yield of Rd were 52.5 °C, pH 6 and 1 h with a yield of 0.8314 from 50 mg drug material. The controllable transformation hypothesis of the PPD-type ginsenoside was also explored from the perspective of the molecular steric hindrance. Pectinase could be used as an efficient enzyme for one-pot producing ginsenoside Rd.