Comparative outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open surgery for bronchogenic cysts in adults: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Open thoracotomy has been the traditional surgical approach for patients with bronchogenic cysts (BCs). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) compared to open surgery for the treatment of BCs in adults. Methods: This single-institution, retrospective cohort study included 117 consecutive adult patients who underwent VATS (group A) or open surgery (group B) for BC resection between February 2019 and January 2023. Data regarding clinical history, operation duration, length of hospital stay, 30-day mortality, and recurrence during follow-up were collected and analyzed. Results: Of the total cohort, 103 (88.0%) patients underwent VATS, while 14 (12.0%) patients underwent open surgery. Patients' age in group B were much older than group A (P=0.014), and no significant differences in other demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were observed between the groups. The VATS group had shorter median operation duration (96 vs. 149.5 min, P<0.001) and shorter mean length of hospital stay (5.0±5.5 vs. 8.6±4.0 days, P<0.001). One death occurred in the open surgery group. During a median follow-up of 34 (interquartile range, 20.8-42.5) months, no instances of BC recurrence were observed in either group. Conclusions: Compared to open surgery, VATS is also a safe and efficacious approach for treating BCs in adults. What's more, VATS offered shorter operative times and hospital stays. Considering the minimally invasive, VATS may be a better choice in most patients with bronchial cysts.

Molecular and immunological characteristics of postoperative relapse in lymph node-positive esophageal squamous cell cancer.

BACKGROUND: The molecular and immunological characteristics of primary tumors and positive lymph nodes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are unknown and the relationship with recurrence is unclear, which this study attempted to explore. METHODS: A total of 30 ESCC patients with lymph node positive (IIB-IVA) were enrolled. Among them, primary tumor and lymph node specimens were collected from each patient, and subjected to 551-tumor-targeted DNA sequencing and 289-immuno-oncology RNA panel sequencing to identify the different molecular basis and immunological features, respectively. RESULTS: The primary tumors exhibited a higher mutation burden than lymph nodes (p < 0.001). One-year recurrent ESCC exhibited a higher Mucin16 (MUC16) mutation rate (p = 0.038), as well as univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that MUC16 mutation is independent genetic factor associated with reduced relapse-free survival (univariate, HR: 5.39, 95% CI: 1.67-17.4, p = 0.005; multivariate, HR: 7.36, 95% CI: 1.79-30.23, p = 0.006). Transcriptomic results showed non-relapse group had higher cytolytic activity (CYT) score (p = 0.025), and was enriched in the IFN-α pathway (p = 0.036), while those in the relapsed group were enriched in the TNF-α/NF-κB (p = 0.001) and PI3K/Akt pathway (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: The difference in molecular characteristics between primary lesions and lymph nodes may be the cause of the inconsistent clinical outcomes. Mutations of MUC16 and poor immune infiltration are associated with rapid relapse of nodes-positive ESCC.

Localization and interaction of interlayer excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers.

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterobilayers provide a versatile platform to explore unique excitonic physics via the properties of the constituent TMDs and external stimuli. Interlayer excitons (IXs) can form in TMD heterobilayers as delocalized or localized states. However, the localization of IX in different types of potential traps, the emergence of biexcitons in the high-excitation regime, and the impact of potential traps on biexciton formation have remained elusive. In our work, we observe two types of potential traps in a MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayer, which result in significantly different emission behavior of IXs at different temperatures. We identify the origin of these traps as localized defect states and the moiré potential of the TMD heterobilayer. Furthermore, with strong excitation intensity, a superlinear emission behavior indicates the emergence of interlayer biexcitons, whose formation peaks at a specific temperature. Our work elucidates the different excitation and temperature regimes required for the formation of both localized and delocalized IX and biexcitons and, thus, contributes to a better understanding and application of the rich exciton physics in TMD heterostructures.

Lactate secreted by esophageal cancer cells induces M2 macrophage polarization via the AKT/ERK pathway.

BACKGROUND: Elevated lactate results in an acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), which stimulates the progression of esophageal cancer (EC). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an essential component of the TME. However, the regulatory mechanisms of lactate secreted by EC on TAMs and the effects of EC advancement are unclear. METHODS: Proteins and mRNA expression were determined by western blot and RT-qPCR. Cell metastasis and growth were assessed by scratch assay, transwell and BrdU assays. Lactate in cells was quantified using a lactate kit. A mouse model was constructed for validation in vivo. RESULTS: First, we determined that lactate upgraded the M2-type polarization marker levels of macrophages. Cell function assays confirmed that lactate-activated M2 macrophages accelerated EC cell migration and proliferation in vitro. However, the lactate inhibitor - oxamate hampered the level of lactate in TE-1 cells. Oxamate abolished the facilitation of macrophage polarization by lactate. In addition, we discovered that phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated ERK was obviously raised in lactate-stimulated macrophages, and oxamate addition reversed this change, implying that AKT and ERK signaling pathways were involved in macrophage polarization. Response experiments proved that attenuation of AKT/ERK signaling markedly returned the lactate-induced promotion of EC migration and proliferation by macrophages. Finally, mouse tumor models demonstrated that lactate enhanced EC growth by inducing M2 macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION: EC-secreted lactate stimulated macrophage M2 polarization via the AKT/ERK pathway thereby boosting the growth of EC.

Optically Active Telecom Defects in MoTe2 Fewlayers at Room Temperature.

The optical and electrical properties of semiconductors are strongly affected by defect states. The defects in molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) show the potential for quantum light emission at optical fiber communication bands. However, the observation of defect-related light emission is still limited to cryogenic temperatures. In this work, we demonstrate the deep defect states in MoTe2 fewlayers produced via a standard van der Waal material transfer method with a heating process, which enables light emission in the telecommunication O-band. The optical measurements show evidence of localized excitons and strong interaction among defects. Furthermore, the optical emission of defects depends on the thickness of the host materials. Our findings offer a new route for tailoring the optical properties of two-dimensional materials in optoelectronic applications.

Laparoscopic gastric dissociation using a two-port approach in minimally invasive esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: A new approach for laparoscopic gastric dissociation in minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) was attempted. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term outcomes, safety, and efficacy of two-port laparoscopy using the McKeown procedure. METHODS: This retrospective study included 206 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who underwent a modified two-port laparoscopic or the traditional five-port McKeown procedure at our institution from August 2019 to August 2021. Surgical outcomes of the two methods were compared. RESULTS: Of the 206 patients, 106 (51.46%) underwent the modified two-port procedure, whereas 100 (48.54%) underwent the traditional five-port procedure. Subsequently, 182 propensity score-matched patients were compared. No significant differences were observed in laparoscopic operative time, blood loss during laparoscopic surgery, number of dissected lymph nodes, and pain score on postoperative day 1 between the two groups. The rate of complication and postoperative length of hospital stay did not differ significantly between the two groups. The total hospitalization cost also did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.325). No postoperative deaths occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that laparoscopic gastric dissociation using the two-port approach in MIE is a safe and effective procedure, with short-term outcomes comparable to those of the traditional five-port procedure in patients with esophageal cancer. Larger studies with longer follow-up duration are warranted.

Long Non-coding RNA LINC01426 Contributes to the Malignant Behaviors of NSCLC Via Acting As a Sponge for miR-143-3p.

Recently, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is proved to play critical roles in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. However, the detailed effects of LINC01426 in NSCLC and its functional mechanism remain unknown. The expression of LINC01426, microRNA-143-3p (miR-143-3p), and Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 28 (USP28) was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The colony-forming ability was determined by colony-forming assay. 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation. The migrated and invaded abilities of cells were measured by transwell assays. Flow cytometry was used to examine cell apoptosis. The protein expression was analyzed by Western blot analysis. The glycolysis ability was analyzed by commercial kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, and RNA pull-down assay were used to confirm relationship among LINC01426, miR-143-3p, and USP28. A xenograft experiment was conducted to explore the effects of LINC01426 inhibition in vivo. Our results confirmed that LINC01426 and USP28 expression were increased, while miR-143-3p expression was decreased in NSCLC tissues and cells. Further functional experiments demonstrated that LINC01426 inhibition markedly impaired cell proliferation, migration, invasion, autophagy, and glycolysis while induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells, and LINC01426 derived malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells by sponging miR-143-3p. Additionally, LINC01426 regulated USP28 expression by sponging miR-143-3p. USP28 overexpression partly overturned the inhibitory effect of miR-143-3p on NSCLC progression. Consistently, silencing of LINC01426 significantly inhibited the growth of NSCLC tumor in vivo. LINC01426 accelerated the malignant progression of NSCLC. Mechanistically, LINC01426 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-143-3p to upregulate USP28 expression.

Valley-exchange coupling probed by angle-resolved photoluminescence.

The optical properties of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are dominated by tightly-bound excitons. They form at distinct valleys in reciprocal space, and can interact via the valley-exchange coupling, modifying their dispersion considerably. Here, we predict that angle-resolved photoluminescence can be used to probe the changes of the excitonic dispersion. The exchange-coupling leads to a unique angle dependence of the emission intensity for both circularly and linearly-polarised light. We show that these emission characteristics can be strongly tuned by an external magnetic field due to the valley-specific Zeeman-shift. We propose that angle-dependent photoluminescence measurements involving both circular and linear optical polarisation as well as magnetic fields should act as strong verification of the role of valley-exchange coupling on excitonic dispersion and its signatures in optical spectra.

Robust Room Temperature Valley Hall Effect of Interlayer Excitons.

The Berry curvature in the band structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) introduces a valley-dependent effective magnetic field, which induces the valley Hall effect (VHE). Similar to the ordinary Hall effect, the VHE spatially separates carriers or excitons, depending on their valley index, and accumulates them at opposite sample edges. The VHE can play a key role in valleytronic devices, but previous observations of the VHE have been limited to cryogenic temperatures. Here, we report a demonstration of the VHE of interlayer excitons in a MoS2/WSe2 heterostructure at room temperature. We monitored the in-plane propagation of interlayer excitons through photoluminescence mapping and observed their spatial separation into two opposite transverse directions that depended on the valley index of the excitons. Our theoretical simulations reproduced the salient features of these observations. Our demonstration of the robust interlayer exciton VHE at room temperature, enabled by their intrinsically long lifetimes, will open up realistic possibilities for the development of opto-valleytronic devices based on TMD heterostructures.

Room temperature nanocavity laser with interlayer excitons in 2D heterostructures.

Atomically thin layered two-dimensional (2D) materials have provided a rich library for both fundamental research and device applications. Bandgap engineering and controlled material response can be achieved from artificial heterostructures. Recently, excitonic lasers have been reported using transition metal dichalcogenides; however, the emission is still the intrinsic energy bandgap of the monolayers. Here, we report a room temperature interlayer exciton laser with MoS2/WSe2 heterostructures. The onset of lasing was identified by the distinct kink in the "L-L" curve and the noticeable spectral linewidth collapse. Different from visible emission of intralayer excitons in monolayer components, our laser works in the infrared range, which is fully compatible with the well-established technologies in silicon photonics. Long lifetime of interlayer excitons relaxes the requirement of the cavity quality factor by orders of magnitude. Room temperature interlayer exciton lasers might open new perspectives for developing coherent light sources with tailored optical properties on silicon photonics platforms.

Paths to light trapping in thin film GaAs solar cells.

It is now well established that light trapping is an essential element of thin film solar cell design. Numerous light trapping geometries have already been applied to thin film cells, especially to silicon-based devices. Less attention has been paid to light trapping in GaAs thin film cells, mainly because light trapping is considered less attractive due to the material's direct bandgap and the fact that GaAs suffers from strong surface recombination, which particularly affects etched nanostructures. Here, we study light trapping structures that are implemented in a high-bandgap material on the back of the GaAs active layer, thereby not perturbing the integrity of the GaAs active layer. We study photonic crystal and quasi-random nanostructures both by simulation and by experiment and find that the photonic crystal structures are superior because they exhibit fewer but stronger resonances that are better matched to the narrow wavelength range where GaAs benefits from light trapping. In fact, we show that a 1500 nm thick cell with photonic crystals achieves the same short circuit current as an unpatterned 4000 nm thick cell. These findings are significant because they afford a sizeable reduction in active layer thickness, and therefore a reduction in expensive epitaxial growth time and cost, yet without compromising performance.

Tailoring of electromagnetic field localizations by two-dimensional graphene nanostructures.

Graphene has great potential for enhancing light-matter interactions in a two-dimensional regime due to surface plasmons with low loss and strong light confinement. Further utilization of graphene in nanophotonics relies on the precise control of light localization properties. Here, we demonstrate the tailoring of electromagnetic field localizations in the mid-infrared region by precisely shaping the graphene into nanostructures with different geometries. We generalize the phenomenological cavity model and employ nanoimaging techniques to quantitatively calculate and experimentally visualize the two-dimensional electromagnetic field distributions within the nanostructures, which indicate that the electromagnetic field can be shaped into specific patterns depending on the shapes and sizes of the nanostructures. Furthermore, we show that the light localization performance can be further improved by reducing the sizes of the nanostructures, where a lateral confinement of λ0/180 of the incidence light can be achieved. The electromagnetic field localizations within a nanostructure with a specific geometry can also be modulated by chemical doping. Our strategies can, in principle, be generalized to other two-dimensional materials, therefore providing new degrees of freedom for designing nanophotonic components capable of tailoring two-dimensional light confinement over a broad wavelength range.

[Effects of 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine on DNA methylation of anti-oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer cells].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of SFRP1 gene methylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and study the effect of 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on DNA methylation and expression of SFRP1, p16 and MGMT genes in the human lung cancer cell line SPC-A-1 cells. METHODS: SP immunohistochemistry and methylation-specific PCR were used to detect the SFRP1 methylation in 60 NSCLC cases, and 21 cases of benign lung diseases were used as control group. SPC-A-1 cells were cultured and treated with 5-Aza-CdR. The promoter methylation status of SFRP1, p16 and MGMT genes were detected by methylation-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction, and mRNAs were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The positive rate of SFRP1 gene methylation in NSCLC was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue (58.3% vs. 14.3%; χ(2) = 12.118, P = 0.001). SFRP1 gene methylation was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis and degree of differentiation in NSCLC (P < 0.05). SFRP1 protein expression was correlated with clinical stage, degree of differentiation and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC (P < 0.05). The positive expression of SFRP1 protein in 30 cases of NSCLC tissue containing SFRP1 gene methylation was significantly higher than that in non-methylated NSCLC (68.6% vs. 24.0%; χ(2) = 9.613, P = 0.002). SFRP1 gene methylation was closely correlated with SFRP1 gene protein expression in NSCLC (P < 0.05). Negative expression of SFRP1 protein was correlated with the differentiation, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC (all P < 0.05). Without 5-Aza-CdR treatment, the expressions of methylation of SFRP1, p16 and MGMT genes and their mRNA were low. After 5-Aza-CdR treatment at different concentrations, their expressions were significantly elevated (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SFRP1 gene methylation is closely associated with carcinogenesis and development of NSCLC. 5-Aza-CdR may reverse the methylation of SFRP1, p16 and MGMT genes, and facilitate the re-expression of the anti-oncogenes.