ABSTRACT
Successful embryo implantation requires good quality embryo but also needs a receptive endometrium site. In our clinical practice, we daily verify that an adequate endometrial growth is reached for successful implantation. To understand whether platelet rich plasma (PRP) can improve endometrium thickness and performance, PRP treatment was carried out after at least three of the classic medical protocols currently in use had been unsuccessfully adopted. Eight patients with more than 3 cryo-transfers cancelled because of failure of endometrial growth, defined as endometrium less than 6 mm, with negative hysteroscopic screening for endometrial pathology, and with negative bacteriologic screening, before present and all previous treatment, were selected to undergo PRP treatment. In 7 out of 8 treatments, an endometrial thickness greater than 6.5 mm (mean 6.9 mm) was reached, with endometrial three-layer pattern, before progesterone administration and embryo transfer was performed. In 6 out of 7 patients, who underwent embryo transfer, beta-HCG were positive, with 2 biochemical abortions, one miscarriage at 6-week pregnancy, two babies born and one drop-out. In this study, 8 patients had extraordinarily poor endometrial quality, and the endometrium was non-responsive to conventional estrogenic therapy, resulting in cycle cancellation. After application of PRP, the endometrial thickness was satisfactory in all the patients except one. Of these, beta-HCG was positive in 6 women, the pregnancy was progressing normally in 2 women, and one had an early miscarriage. We can suppose that the multiple implantation failures were caused by inefficient expression adhesion molecules, which can hypothetically be more represented after PRP application.
ABSTRACT
The point of subjective equality obtained by the method of constant stimuli depends to a great extent on whether the standard (S) or the variable (V) stimulus occurs first. This presentation-order effect was studied using lines as stimuli. Successive S, V pairs were presented, with inter-stimulus and interpair intervals equal. Observers, who were not told which was S or V, reported whether a given line was longer or shorter than the immediately preceding line. Although the observers' subjective experience was of a train of lines that was not organized into pairs, the presentation-order effect still occurred. This implies that the effect does not depend on the order of presentation of the stimuli in an experienced pair. It was also shown that the observers could categorize line lengths, since they could identify stochastically the most frequent stimulus (S). We propose that the presentation-order effect depends on a decision process based on response probabilities inferred from length categories.
