Translation and validation of the Comfort Behaviors Checklist in hospitalized children with chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Different tools have been developed to measure patients' comfort. This study aims to translate, validate, and apply the Comfort Behaviors Checklist to hospitalized children with chronic diseases. METHODS: Validity and reliability are assessed using face and content validity, construct validity (known-groups technique and Principal Component Analysis), internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability. The study takes place in a children's hospital in Iran, involving 220 children aged 4 to 6. RESULTS: The Comfort Behaviors Checklist demonstrates acceptable face and content validity. Construct validity is supported by the lack of correlation between behavioral comfort scores in known groups. The Principal Component analysis results in five components, explaining 70.39% of the total variation. The checklist exhibits acceptable reliability, with a total Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.835. CONCLUSION: The Comfort Behavior Checklist is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of comfort in Iranian children with chronic diseases.

Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients, an infectious complication with low incidence but significant mortality.

BACKGROUND: Infections, including invasive fungal infections (IFIs), are among the leading causes of mortality in liver transplant recipients during the first year post-transplantation. AIM: To investigate the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors, treatment outcomes, and mortality rate of post-liver transplantation invasive aspergillosis (IA). METHODS: In this case-control study, 22 patients with IA were identified by reviewing the archived and electronic medical records of 850 patients who received liver transplants at the Imam Khomeini Hospital complex in Tehran, Iran, between 2014 and 2019. The control group comprised 38 patients without IA infection matched for age and sex. The information obtained included the baseline characteristics of liver transplant patients, operative reports, post-transplantation characteristics of both groups and information about the fungal infection of the patient group. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of IA among liver transplant recipients at Imam Khomeini Hospital was 2.7%. The risk factors of IA among studied patients included high serum creatinine levels before and post-transplant, renal replacement therapy, antithymocyte globulin induction therapy, post-transplant bile leakage, post-transplant hepatic artery thrombosis, repeated surgery within 30 d after the transplant, bacterial pneumonia before the aspergillosis diagnosis, receiving systemic antibiotics before the aspergillus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, and duration of post-transplant hospitalization in the intensive care unit. The most prevalent form of infection was invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and the most common chest computed tomography scan findings were nodules, pleural effusion, and the halo sign. In the case group, prophylactic antifungal therapy was administered more frequently than in the control group. The antifungal therapy response rate at 12 wk was 63.7%. The 3- and 12- mo mortality rates of the patients with IA were 36.4% and 45.4%, respectively (compared with the mortality rate of the control group in 12 mo, which was zero). CONCLUSION: In this study, the prevalence of IA among liver transplant recipients was relatively low. However, it was one of the leading causes of mortality following liver transplantation. Targeted antifungal therapy may be a factor in the low incidence of infections at our facility. Identifying the risk factors of IFIs, maintaining an elevated level of clinical suspicion, and initiating early antifungal treatment may significantly improve the prognosis and reduce the mortality rate of liver transplant recipients.

Determining the psychometric properties of safety attitudes questionnaire in NICUs.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to translate and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Safety Attitude Questionnaire" in the NICUs. METHODS: In this psychometric study, the "Safety Attitude Questionnaire" was translated into Persian. Then this version was used for psychometric evaluation. For this purpose, the qualitative face, content validity and construct validity were performed by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and stability reliability were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. RESULTS: Face validity was also performed with a slight change in four items. The factor structure of the tool was determined by confirmatory factor analysis. Fit indices were appropriate. Internal consistency reliability in the whole questionnaire was 0.65 and the stability reliability was calculated to be 0.64. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: "Safety Attitude Questionnaire" has appropriate psychometric properties and can be used in NICUs.

Barriers to Applying Integrative Oncology from the Perspective of the Care Providers in Iran: A Mixed-Methods Study.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to explain and determine the use of integrative oncology from the perspective of the care providers in Iran. DATA SOURCES: This mixed-methods study is a convergent type of study with quantitative and qualitative phases that have been performed simultaneously. The quantitative phase was a descriptive study that was conducted through convenience sampling. With the use of a psychometrically evaluated questionnaire with 10 items, 202 nurses and physicians were included in the study to assess their views on the integration of traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) within supportive cancer care. The qualitative part of the study was conducted through semistructured interviews with 11 care providers. The interviews were analyzed through conventional content analysis and the method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman with the use of MaxQDA software. CONCLUSION: After the quantitative and the qualitative data were combined, we identified four main categories as the important dimensions of using TCM: patients' main expectations of TCM services, reasons for using these services, existing challenges and barriers, and recommendations and strategies to improve the interaction between physicians and patients to facilitate the use of integrative oncology . IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Although cancer patients use TCM due to a wide range of expectations, there are many barriers to integrative oncology in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the benefits of conventional medical and TCM treatments, conceptualize integrative oncology, and try to meet the existing challenges.

Validation of post-traumatic growth inventory in mothers with the experience of having the NICU-Hospitalized newborns "validation of post-traumatic growth inventory".

AIMS: Investigating post-traumatic growth (PTG) in mothers with the experience of having a preterm newborn hospitalized in the NICU requires a valid tool. This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) in mothers with the experience of having their newborns hospitalized in the NICU. DESIGN: This study was methodological research. METHODS: In this study, 250 mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3 to 12 months and had visited paediatric clinics of the selected hospitals in Tehran with the aim of having their children's condition examined were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and PTGI. The face validity, the construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and the internal consistency reliability of the inventory were measured using SPSS V22 and LISREL V8.8. RESULTS: According to appropriate values for factor analysis fit indices (FI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, IFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.91, NNFI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.07), 21 items and 5 factors were confirmed for this inventory. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this inventory was measured as α = 0.94. CONCLUSION: According to favourable psychometric properties, the Farsi version of PTGI is a suitable tool for studying PTG in mothers with the experience of having preterm newborns in the NICU. Using PTGI can help nurses in planning family-centered care interventions to reduce the impact of the mental trauma caused by the preterm newborn's hospitalization in parents. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3-12 months.

Effectiveness of listening to music and playing with Lego on children's postoperative pain.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of music and playing with Lego in postoperative management pain in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this three-group quasi-experimental study, the participants in this interventional study were 96 children aged 6 to 12 years admitted to the pediatric surgery ward of Mofid Hospital and Medical Center in Tehran. The participants were selected using convenience sampling. They were then randomly placed into three intervention groups. Pain intensity was measured for the participants in all three groups before the intervention. The intervention was performed in two 15-min sessions with an interval of 5 min in three intervention groups. Then pain intensity was measured using the Oucher Pain Scale before the intervention and in four intervals: Immediately after the intervention, half an hour, one hour, and 3 h after the intervention, respectively. Pain intensity was also measured at the same time intervals for the participants in the control group. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS-25 software using descriptive statistics, the Bonferroni test, and Tukey's test. RESULTS: The data showed that the three groups were identical in terms of demographic characteristics (p > 0.05).A comparison of the music listening group and the control group showed statistically significant difference in terms of postoperative pain (P < 0.05).However, the data showed significant differences between the control group and the Lego group in terms of pain intensity immediately after the intervention, half an hour, one hour, and 3 h after the intervention, respectively (p < 0.05).The data also revealed a significant difference between the children in the music group and the Lego group at all phases (p < 0.05), and the children in the Lego group reported less pain after the intervention compared to the children in the music listening group. Nevertheless, there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of reported pain intensity half an hour, one hour, and three hours after the intervention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that playing with Legos had a greater effect on reducing postoperative pain in children than listening to music. Thus, nurses are recommended to make arrangements for children to play with Legos after surgery. PRACTICE IMPLICATION: Playing with Legos can be used to control postoperative pain in school-age children in medical centers and wards of pediatric hospitals.

Assessment of procrastination in providing nursing care among Iranian nursing staff.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate procrastination in nursing care providing. DESIGN: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 125 nurses in ICUs, PICUs, NICUs, and surgery wards, who were selected by census sampling in Iran. METHODS: The data were collected using the Procrastination Scale, which consisted of 25 items relating to 3 factors. Data were analyzed using statistics, Chi-square, Friedman test, analysis of variance, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. RESULTS: Overall, 37% of the participants showed very high or high procrastination. Most of the procrastination was observed in the "Task aversion" (44.2%). ANOVA indicated that the mean total procrastination score had a significant relationship with age (p = 0.013), work experience (p = 0.006), and marital status (p = 0.02). Nurses with permanent employment (p = 0.014) and lower education (p = 0.009) and women (p = 0.023) were much more likely to procrastinate the provision of care. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to adopt appropriate management strategies and take adequate measures to reduce procrastination, considering the existence of procrastination among nurses and its adverse impact on the quality of care.

The effect of Benson relaxation technique on the severity of symptoms and quality of life in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a quasi-experimental study.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of the Benson relaxation technique on the severity of symptoms and quality of life in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). DESIGN: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on children with irritable bowel syndrome in Iran. METHOD: Sixty children were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The Benson relaxation technique was implemented for three weeks for experimental group, while the control group only received the typical medical therapy with no special intervention. The questionnaire of Irritable Bowel Syndrome-quality of life-34 (IBS-QOL-34), and Bowel Symptoms Severity and Frequency Scale (BSS-FS) were used for data gathering before and three weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed using statistics, appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: According to the results, the experimental group had lower mean scores of qualities of life before the intervention (p < 0.05). The mean score of symptom severity in children with IBS was 13.88 in the experimental group, which changed to 9.83 in the post-test, indicating a significant difference (p < 0.000). The pre-test and post-test mean scores for quality of life in this group were 118.94 and 102.77, respectively, indicating a significant difference (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Benson relaxation technique can be a non-pharmacological solution to reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the quality of life of children with IBS. IMPLICATION TO PRACTICE: This technique is supposed to contribute as a further intervention in clinical contexts.

Caregivers' Knowledge of and Attitude towards Palliative Care in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Addressing the palliative care needs requires clinicians to have sufficient knowledge of and positive attitudes toward palliative care. The study aimed to determine nurses' and physicians' knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care in Iran. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on 493 physicians and nurses, selected through convenience sampling. Three online questionnaires addressing caregivers' demographic and professional's questionnaire, Health Care Providers' Attitude toward PC Questionnaire, and Health Care Providers' Knowledge of PC Questionnaire were used. The data was analyzed in SPSS using correlational and descriptive statistics and regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean score of attitude towards palliative care was 142.03 ± 11.35 and the mean score of palliative care knowledge, 19.47 ± 2.62. Considering the regression coefficients between these two mean scores (P-value = 0.001, b = 1.304), it can be inferred that knowledge is a good predictor of attitude. In addition, the mean scores of knowledge and attitude have a significant relationship with age, female gender, holding a master's or PhD degree, the need for formal education in the field of palliative care and the need to take a palliative care course. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that Iranian nurses and physicians have a moderate level of knowledge and attitude towards palliative care. It is necessary to take measures in order to improve knowledge and attitude by holding retraining courses, theoretical and clinical training sessions and relevant seminars in short term, and also by integrating related topics into nursing and medical curriculums in long term.

Does the Farsi version of attitude toward plagiarism questionnaire have acceptable psychometric properties?

This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Attitudes Toward Plagiarism Questionnaire (ATPQ) among Iranian medical sciences postgraduate students and faculty members. In this study, the ATPQ developed by Mavrinac et al. in 2010 was translated into Persian. After assessment of face and content validity, we distributed the ATPQ draft among 286 Iranian medical science postgraduate students and faculty members. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis were applied, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the ATPQ. All the items of our English version of the ATPQ were approved by the developer of the original ATPQ, and two were revised in the cognitive interview. Construct validity assessment showed that three items were not seriously involved in the extracted factors. The Persian version of the ATPQ had 26 items, five factors and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.81%, and the combined value explained 38.24% of the total variance of this scale. Two new factors of "perceived control" and "attitude toward self-plagiarism" were extracted and incorporated into the Persian version. To conclude, the ATPQ is a valid, reliable, and convenient instrument to determine attitudes toward plagiarism among Iranian medical science postgraduate students and faculty members.

The impact of the evaluations made by Mini-CEX on the clinical competency of nursing students.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical competency is defined as one's capabilities in terms of knowledge, attitude and practice, and is a necessity for nursing practice. Evaluation is the inseparable part of the education process, without which the quality of education could not be measured. Considering the characteristics of clinical education and its impact on the clinical competency of students, as well as the importance of making precise evaluations of them using scientific, modern and efficient approaches, this study aims to investigate the impact of the evaluation made using Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise on the clinical competency of the nursing students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery Shahid Behesti University. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study with a control group conducted on students who were taking courses "Nursing care for a sick child". The students were classified into the intervention and control groups using complete enumeration. The evaluations were made using Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise in the intervention group and the portfolio approach in the control group. The skills regarding patient (mother-child) education, IV therapy and medication were evaluated by checklists. FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean score of clinical competency in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Considering the improvement of clinical competency in the intervention group, it is recommended to use Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise for the evaluation of students.

Emotional upheaval, the essence of anticipatory grief in mothers of children with life threatening illnesses: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening illnesses in childhood are considered a crisis for the whole family, especially for the mother, which leads to experiencing different degrees of grief and emotional-behavioral problems. OBJECTIVE: The present study is conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of anticipatory grief from the perspective of the mothers of the children with life-threatening illnesses. METHODS: This qualitative study is part of a sequential exploratory research for model development in the field of anticipatory grief, which was conducted using conventional content analysis method. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 mothers of the children with life-threatening illnesses living in Shiraz and Tehran, who were selected through purposive sampling with maximum variation. When data saturation were achieved, the data were codified by MAXQDA-10 software and analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's approach. FINDINGS: Data analysis resulted in the identification of 8 subcategories including shock, irritability, fear of losing, feeling guilty, uncertainty, hopelessness, loneliness and isolation, and mourning without a coffin, all forming the major theme emotional upheaval. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As the result of being in a situation of imminent and possible loss of her child, the mother experiences different responses of sadness and sorrow and suffers the consequences the core of which is consisted of emotional upheaval. Therefore, by explaining the behaviors related to anticipatory grief, efficient and effective interventions can be designed to improve coping among this group of mothers.

Transverse colon varices.

Portal hypertension associated with liver cirrhosis usually leads to gastroesophageal varices; however, ectopic varices secondary to liver cirrhosis are not common, especially colonic varices which occur with a low frequency. We are going to discuss the case of a 75-year-old man with liver (HBV) cirrhosis who was admitted to the hospital with rectorrhagia. Colonoscopy revealed evidence of acute bleeding in tortuous colonic varices. The band ligation performed during the colonoscopy had failed to control the bleeding. The patient was referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran, and rectorrhagia was subsequently successfully controlled by BRTO technique (balloon-occluded retrograded transvenous obliteration).

A comparative study of patient safety in the intensive care units.

AIM: This study aimed to assess patient-safety principles in ICUs. DESIGN: This is a descriptive-comparative study. METHODS: The research environment includes ICUs of hospitals affiliated to the two universities of medical sciences in Tehran. Sampling was done by census using Time and Event Sampling methods. Research instrument was "Patient Safety Principles Checklist". Data analysis was performed using SPSS-20 and descriptive-inferential statistics with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: There is no significant difference (p-value = .15) in the level of observance of patient-safety principles in two university-affiliated hospitals A (133.26 ± 9.14) and B (128.16 ± 18.01). Evaluation of the mean scores obtained in each dimension and in each of the ICUs was showed that only in dimension No.3 the difference was significant (F[68,2] = 5.20, p-value = .008) and in the AICUs (16.13 ± 1.8) (p-value = .04), it was significantly lower than other ICUs. Identifying risk factors for the patient's immunity reduces the side effects of patient care.

Assessment of the knowledge and attitudes of the Iranian medical faculty toward plagiarism.

This study is among the few investigations that assesses knowledge and attitudes of faculty members of medical sciences universities regarding plagiarism. This investigation focused on the relationship between personal factors and knowledge and attitudes toward plagiarism among Iranian faculty members of medical sciences affiliated with the Ministry of Health. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 247 participants using demographic questionnaires that collected data on attitudes toward plagiarism and knowledge of plagiarism. The questionnaires were uploaded on Porsline. The subjects were provided with the purpose of the study, informed consent, and the link to the questionnaire through WhatsApp. The mean scores of knowledge variables and different domains of attitude were calculated, and then, the obtained averages were compared in terms of age, gender, and participation in ethics workshop using univariate tests. Finally, the MANCOVA was used considering five dimensions of the questionnaire to assess attitude, as multiple response variables, and independent variables, including gender and participation in the ethics workshop and control of knowledge and age. The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.9 ± 8.4. 79.4% of the participants were women. Overall, 79.8% of people participated in ethics workshops, of whom 78% were women, and 86.5% were men. The mean score of knowledge in men and women was 1.35 ± 0.19 and 1.56. ± 0.24, respectively, which was higher in women than men (PV <0.001). The mean score of total attitudes was 3.19 ± 0.46. There was a high level of knowledge of plagiarism and positive attitudes toward plagiarism avoidance or prevention among participants in this study, which may spread to students, and help to promote integrity in the educational and clinical environment in Iran.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer Scale-Mothers' Version for the Mothers of Children With Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The experience of caring for cancer patients has adverse outcomes for family caregivers. The ability to care for a sick child is affected by the mother's health; to empower mothers, it will be necessary to examine their caring ability. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to carry out a psychometric evaluation of the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer Scale-Mothers' Version (CAFCPCS-Mothers' Version). METHODS: The present study is a psychometric evaluation of the CAFCPCS-Mothers' Version. The sample consisted of 196 mothers of children in treatment for cancer selected through convenience sampling. The face, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and stability of the scale were measured. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS 19 and LISREL 8.8. RESULTS: After removing 2 items during confirmatory factor analysis, the values of root-mean-square error of approximation, comparative fit index, and nonnormed fit index were reported to be 0.066, 0.92, and 0.91, respectively. The Cronbach's α was calculated to be 0.71 and the stability correlation coefficient was 0.75. The final tested scale included 29 items in 5 dimensions: effective role play, fatigue and surrender, trust, uncertainty, and caring ignorance for mothers of children with cancer. CONCLUSION: The CAFCPCS-Mothers' Version has satisfactory content, face, and construct validity and adequate reliability in terms of internal consistency and stability in a sample of mothers of children receiving treatment for cancer. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: The CAFCPCS-Mothers' Version can be used to assess the caring ability of Iranian mothers of children with cancer and to determine maternal care needs.

The predictors of spiritual dryness among Iranian cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Spiritual struggles affect the wellbeing of religious people. Among them are strugglers with God which is perceived as non-responsive and distant. These perceptions were so far analyzed predominantly in Western societies with a Christian background, but not in Muslims from Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of spiritual dryness among cancer patients in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional study with standardized questionnaires (i.e., Spiritual Dryness Scale, WHO-5, BMLSS-10, Awe/Gratitude Scale) among 490 cancer patients (mean age 49.50 ± 14.92 years) referring to the selected educational hospitals in Tehran (the capital of Iran), who were selected through convenience sampling and based on the inclusion criteria, enrolled between December 2020-May 2021. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26 and the statistical methods including calculating the mean and the standard deviation, correlation coefficients, as well as regression analysis. Results: The overall experience of spiritual dryness was perceived regularly in 10.2% of Iranian cancer patients, sometimes in 22.9%, rarely in 22.9%, and never in 43.3%. The mean ± SD was 25.66 ± 5.04, and the scores ranged from 10 to 55. A higher score means greater spiritual dryness. The strongest predictors of spiritual dryness were praying activities Furthermore, the perception of burden due to the pandemic was positively correlated with spiritual dryness. Moreover, each 1 unit increase in its score changed the spiritual dryness score by 0.2 units. The regression of spirituality-related indicators, demographic-clinical variables, and health-related behaviors accounted for 21, 6, and 4% of the total SDS variance, respectively. These findings show that with an increase in praying, performing daily prayers, and the indicators related to spirituality, spiritual dryness will decrease. Most patients were able to cope with these phases often or even regularly, while 31.1% were never or rarely only able to cope. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in times of crisis, cancer patients' faith and confidence in God could be challenged. It is not the disease itself which seems to be associated with this form of crisis, but their religious practices. Therefore, it is necessary to support these patients during their struggle, especially as spirituality is one of the best approaches to cope with the disease.

Body size perception in stroke patients with paresis.

Recent studies have suggested that people's intent and ability to act also can influence their perception of their bodies' peripersonal space. Vice versa one could assume that the inability to reach toward and grasp an object might have an impact on the subject's perception of reaching distance. Here we tested this prediction by investigating body size and action capability perception of neurological patients suffering from arm paresis after stroke, comparing 32 right-brain-damaged patients (13 with left-sided arm paresis without additional spatial neglect, 10 with left-sided arm paresis and additional spatial neglect, 9 patients had neither arm paresis nor neglect) and 27 healthy controls. Nineteen of the group of right hemisphere stroke patients could be re-examined about five months after initial injury. Arm length was estimated in three different methodological approaches: explicit visual, explicit tactile/proprioceptive, and implicit reaching. Results fulfilled the working hypothesis. Patients with an arm paresis indeed perceived their bodies differently. We found a transient overestimation of the length of the contralesional, paretic arm after stroke. Body size and action capability perception for the extremities thus indeed seem to be tightly linked in humans.

Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised in Iranian Children with Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Coping with childhood cancer, as a stressful incident, can lead to a growth in various aspects of the child's life. Therefore, this study aims to validate Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised (PTGI-C-R) in children with cancer. METHODS: This methodological research was carried out in referral children hospitals in Tehran. PTGI-C-R was translated and back-translated. Content and face validity were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on 200 children with inclusion criteria, using LISREL V8.5. Due to the rejection of the model, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done, using SPSS V21. The correlation of posttraumatic growth (PTG) with the variables, i.e., age and gender, was investigated. RESULTS: Some writing changes were made in phrases in the sections concerning face and content validity. CFA rejected the five-factor model due to the undesirable fit indices. Therefore, an EFA was used and the three-factor model was not approved, either despite the statistical appropriateness or due to the lack of similarity between the items loaded on factors. The results also indicated a significant relationship between PTG and age (r = 0.13, P = 0.05). There is no significant relationship between PTG and gender (z = -1.35, P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: PTGI-C-R does not have desirable psychometric properties in Iranian children with cancer and may not be able to reflect all the aspects of PTG experienced by them. Therefore, it cannot be used as an appropriate scale, and it is necessary to develop and validate a specific tool through a qualitative study.

COVID-19 Management in Iran as One of the Most Affected Countries in the World: Advantages and Weaknesses.

COVID-19 management is a hot topic due to its extensive spread across the world and the declaration of pandemic status. How a crisis is managed in each country is influenced by several factors, and various strategies are applied in accordance with these factors in order to manage the crisis. Due to the rapid spread and increasing trend of the crisis and the fact that almost more than half of the countries are engaged in this pandemic, it is impossible to apply trial-and-error based strategies. One of the best strategies is to use the experiences of other countries in dealing with COVID-19. This report explores the advantages and weaknesses of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the management of this crisis in regard with political economic and cultural issues, health service coverage, and the transparency of information that can be used as a model for other countries around the world.