Lifestyle Assessment in Young Adults with Ischemic Stroke: One Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lifestyle changes are associated with an increased incidence of stroke especially in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lifestyle of ischemic stroke cases under the age of 50 years. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on young adults with ischemic stroke who were admitted to some hospitals, Tehran, Iran between 2018 and 2019. Total lifestyle information collected in the form then was compared in males and females. RESULTS: Totally 11% ischemic stroke was under age 50 years. 60.7% of young adult patients were men. There was significant difference between body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03), type of job (P = 0.04), physical activity (P = 0.02), fruit and vegetables consumption, and gender of patients (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: According to the association between inappropriate lifestyle and ischemic stroke in young adults, it is recommended to set preventive medicine and health promotion units with insurance coverage in all clinics for risk assessment of stroke in healthy general population specialty young adults.

Microplastics in wastewater outlets of Bandar Abbas city (Iran): A potential point source of microplastics into the Persian Gulf.

Wastewater discharge is considered to be a significant point source of microplastic (MPs) release into the marine environment. This study is the first attempt to quantify MPs released from the wastewater outfall from Bandar Abbas City into the Persian Gulf. Two wastewater discharge stations at Gursuzan and Suru were sampled. MPs were isolated by an oxidative procedure and subsequent density separation using ZnCl2 solution. The average MP concentration in wastewater and sludge were 70.66 (±14.12, SD) MP.35 L-1 and 6070 (±807.25) MPs.kg-1, respectively at Confidence Level (CL) (95.0%). The most commonly recovered polymers were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in all size classes. Our findings provides a baseline of MP concentration in wastewater streams and slurry that is discharged from the Bandar Abbas wastewater treatment facility into the Persian Gulf. This highlights the need to undertake more studies at water treatment plants in the region for a realistic assessment of MP discharge into the Persian Gulf.

Blood Lead Levels in Opium-Poisoned Children: One Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Lead poisoning is now more common due to accidental or intentional exposure to opium impregnated with lead. We aimed to determine the relationship between the blood lead levels (BLLs) and basic characteristics in opium-poisoned children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 32 children younger than 13 years old who had been admitted to Loghman Hakim Poison Center, Tehran, Iran, due to opium poisoning, were evaluated for BLLs. Patients' demographics, symptoms, signs, and lab tests were evaluated as well as the BLLs. FINDINGS: The median and range of age in children with opium poisoning were 14 and 141 months with minimum and maximum age of 3 and 144 months, respectively, and 62.5% were boys. Their mean BLL was 9.78 ± 3.44 µg/dl and in 70% of opium-poisoned children, BLL was ≥ 5 µg/dl. There was a significant difference between mean BLLs in girls and boys (17.07 ± 6.57 µg/dl in girls and 6.61 ± 3.22 µg/dl in boys, P = 0.02). We found a significant correlation between BLL and hemoglobin (Hb) level. In very low Hb level (< 8 g/dl), the BLL was higher but with increasing Hb level, BLL increased as well; in Hb levels > 14 g/dl, BLL decreased again (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although none of the children needed chelation therapy, strategies should be developed to prevent children from being exposed to opium and other materials impregnated with lead regarding its effects on all organs of children.

Determination of Cholesterol and its Derivatives in Nanoliposomes as Drug Delivery Conveyances by HPLC-UV: A Simple, Accurate and Cost-Effective Method Development and Validation Approach.

Nanoliposomes are extensively used as ideal vehicles in drug delivery systems due to their unique biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. They can be used as sustained release and target selective conveyances to deliver the encapsulated drugs at specific cells or tissues by improving their efficacy along with reducing the side effects. As an analytical perspective, the determination of various lipid components in the final formulation is one of the practical issues while the agents are applied in an industrial-scale. Herein, the maximum ultra violet (UV) absorbances for the most of the lipids are within 200-210 nm that cause significant cut-off conflicts with the general solvents or additives of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) during its method development procedure. In this study, a simple, accurate and cost-effective isocratic HPLC-UV method has been successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of α-(3-O-cholesteryloxy)-δ-(N-ethylmorpholine)-succineamide (MoChol), cholesteryl-hemisuccinate (Chems) and Cholesterol in nanoliposomes drug carriers containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (anti-BCL-2 DNA oligonucleotide). The isocratic mobile phase consisted of ethanol/acetonitrile/water including trifluoroacetic acid (60/30/10 with 0.1% v/v, respectively) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 was run through a commercial reverse-phase C18 analytical column while UV detector was set at 202 nm. To confirm the applicability, a full validation of the proposed method was performed according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

Screening of Parabens in Natural Water by Salting-out Based Centrifugeless Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC-UV.

A simple, efficient and quick salting-out based centrifugeless dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) has been successfully developed for the determination of selected parabens in environmental water samples. Herein, following the dispersion of the extracting solvent (1-undecanol) whose melting point is near the room temperature into the sample solution, the cloudy mixture is passed through a test tube filled with sodium chloride, acting as separating agent based on salting-out phenomenon. By immersing the tube inside an ice bath, the fine droplets of the extraction solvent are solidified, easily collected and after returning to the liquid state, injected into HPLC-UV. The values of the detection limit were in the range of 2.5-5.0 µg L-1 while the intra-day (n = 7) and inter-day (n = 9, within three days) precision were below 3.7 and 4.7%, respectively. A satisfactory linearity (0.997 ≥ r2 ≥ 0.996) and quite a broad linear range (5.0-250 µg L-1) were achieved. The relative errors as the accuracy were less than 6.4% in all experiments. The method was eventually employed for the preconcentration and determination of the analytes in various natural water samples and acceptable results were achieved.

Quantification of Meloxicam in Human Plasma Using Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted In Situ Solvent Formation Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

A robust extraction method against the variations of sample ionic strength viz. ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction (IL-UA-ISFME) was coupled for the first time with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), and successfully used as a more sustainable approach for the determination of meloxicam (MEL) in human plasma. Herein, a hydrophobic IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was formed by adding a hydrophilic IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) to aqueous sample solution containing an ion-exchange reagent (sodium hexafluorophosphate). The target analyte was transferred into the IL medium while the extraction solvent was completely dispersed into the sample using ultrasonic irradiation and then, the settled enriched phase was injected to HPLC. Firstly, main factors affecting the microextraction performance were evaluated and optimized. The linearity was in the range of 5-1,500 ng mL-1 with regression coefficient corresponding to 0.997. Limits of detection (LOD; signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3) and quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) were 1 and 5 ng mL-1, respectively. An acceptable recovery range of 82.1-93.6% and satisfactory intra-assay (3.6-4.8%, n = 6) and inter-assay (3.3-5.1%, n = 9) precision as well as remarkable sample clean up exhibited good efficiency of the method. The freeze-thaw stability study was performed for samples and standard solutions. To study the applicability of the proposed method, it was employed for the determination of MEL in human plasma after oral administration of the drug and some pharmacokinetic data were achieved. The technique proved to be accurate and reliable for the screening intentions.

Determination of atenolol in human plasma using ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

An efficient analytical method called ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of atenolol in human plasma. A hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was formed by the addition of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) to a sample solution containing an ion-pairing agent during microextraction. The analyte was extracted into the ionic liquid phase while the microextraction solvent was dispersed throughout the sample by utilizing ultrasound. The sample was then centrifuged, and the extracting phase retracted into the microsyringe and injected to liquid chromatography. After optimization, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 2-750 ng/mL with the regression coefficient corresponding to 0.998. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.5 and 2 ng/mL, respectively. A reasonable relative recovery range of 90-96.7% and satisfactory intra-assay (4.8-5.1%, n = 6) and interassay (5.0-5.6%, n = 9) precision along with a substantial sample clean-up demonstrated good performance of the procedure. It was applied for the determination of atenolol in human plasma after oral administration and some pharmacokinetic data were obtained.

Risk assessment of oil and gas well drilling activities in Iran - a case study: human factors.

Oil and gas well drilling activities are associated with numerous hazards which have the potential to cause injury or harm for people, property and the environment. These hazards are also a threat for the reputation of drilling companies. To prevent accidents and undesired events in drilling operations it is essential to identify, evaluate, assess and control the attendant risks. In this work, a structured methodology is proposed for risk assessment of drilling activities. A case study is performed to identify, analyze and assess the risks arising from human factors in one of the on shore drilling sites in southern Iran. A total of 17 major hazards were identified and analyzed using the proposed methodology. The results showed that the residual risks of 100% of these hazards were in the acceptable or transitional zone, and their levels were expected to be lowered further by proper controls. This structured methodology may also be used in other drilling sites and companies for assessing the risks.

Simultaneous derivatization and extraction of nitrophenols in soil and rain samples using modified hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive method based on a modified hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been successfully developed for the extraction and simultaneous derivatization of some nitrophenols (NPs) in soil and rain samples. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction was used for the extraction of NPs from the soil, while the rain sample was directly applied to the previously mentioned method. Briefly, in this method, the analytes were extracted from aqueous samples into a thin layer of organic solvent (dodecane + 10% tri-n-octylphosphine oxide) sustained in the pores of a porous hollow fiber. Then, they were back-extracted using a small volume of organic acceptor solution (25 µl; 10 mg/L N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, as derivatization reagent, in acetonitrile) that was located inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. Under the optimized extraction conditions, enrichment factors of 255 to 280 and limits of detection of 0.1 to 0.2 µg/L (S/N = 3) with dynamic linear ranges of 1-100 µg/L were obtained for the analytes. The accuracy of the approach was tested by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples, with results ranging from 93 to 113%. The method was shown to be rapid, cost-effective, and potentially interesting for screening purposes.

Head space solid phase microextraction based on nano-structured lead dioxide: application to the speciation of volatile organoselenium in environmental and biological samples.

A novel and efficient speciation method based on the nano-structured lead dioxide as stationary phase of head space solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the determination of volatile organoselenium compounds (dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe)) in different biological and environmental samples. PbO(2) particles with a diameter in the range of 50-70 nm have been grown on platinum wire via elechtrochemical deposition. The effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using an experimental design. The variables of interest in the HS-SPME were condition of coating preparation, desorption time, stirring rate, desorption temperature, ionic strength, time and temperature of extraction. A Plackett-Burman design was performed for screening in order to determine the significant variables affecting the extraction efficiency. Then, the significant factors were optimized by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and the response surface equations were derived. The detection limit and relative standard deviation (RSD) (n=5, c=50 µgL(-1)) for DMSe were 16 ngL(-1) and 4.3%, respectively. They were also obtained for DMDSe as 11ngL(-1) and 4.6%, respectively. The developed technique was found to be applicable to spiked environmental and biological samples.

Tandem use of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) in tandem with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for the determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in several aquatic samples using gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID) detection system. In the hyphenated SPE-DLLME, initially MNTs were extracted from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) into a 500-mg octadecyl silane (C(18)) sorbent. After the elution of analytes from the sorbent with acetonitrile, the obtained solution was put under the DLLME procedure, so that the extra preconcentration factors could be achieved. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as breakthrough volume, type and volume of the elution solvent (disperser solvent) and extracting solvent, as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-500 µg/L and the limit of detection for all analytes was found to be 0.2 µg/L. The relative standard deviations (for 0.75 µg/L of MNTs) without internal standard varied from 2.0 to 6.4% (n=5). The relative recoveries of the well, river and sea water samples, spiked at the concentration level of 0.75 µg/L of the analytes, were in the range of 85-118%.

Quantitation of antioxidants in water samples using ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.

A simple and efficient method, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), has been applied for the extraction and determination of some antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) in water samples. The microextraction efficiency factors were investigated and optimized: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C(6)MIM][PF(6)] (0.06 g) as extracting solvent, methanol (0.5 mL) as disperser solvent without salt addition. Under the selected conditions, enrichment factors up to 48-fold, limits of detection (LODs) of 5.0-10.0 ng/mL and dynamic linear ranges of 25-1500 ng/mL were obtained. A reasonable repeatability (RSD≤11.8%, n=5) with satisfactory linearity (r(2)≥0.9954) of the results illustrated a good performance of the presented method. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples, with results ranging from 85 to 118%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for determination of the analytes in several real water samples.

Quantitation of valproic acid in pharmaceutical preparations using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection without prior derivatization.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), has been successfully used for the extraction and determination of valproic acid (VPA) in pharmaceutical preparations. In the developed method, an appropriate mixture of extracting and disperser solvents was rapidly injected into an aqueous sample. Having formed a cloudy solution, the mixture was centrifuged and then the extracting solvent was sedimented at the bottom of a conical test tube. The extract was then injected into a GC system directly, without any further pretreatment. Initially, microextraction efficiency factors were optimized and the optimum experimental conditions found were as follows: tetrachloroethylene (9.0 µL) as extracting solvent; acetone (1.0 mL) as disperser solvent; 5 mL acidic aqueous sample (pH 1) without salt addition. Under the selected conditions, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 0.1-5.0 mg/L with regression coefficient corresponding to 0.9998. The limit of detection was found to be 0.05 mg/L. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of VPA in two different pharmaceutical preparations. A reasonable intra-assay (3.9-10.8%, n = 3) and inter-assay (5.6-11.4%, n = 3) precision illustrated the good performance of the analytical procedure. The protocol proved to be rapid and cost-effective for screening purposes.

Solid drop based liquid-phase microextraction.

Solid drop based liquid-phase microextraction (SDLPME) is a novel sample preparation technique possessing obvious advantages of simple operation with a high pre-concentration factor, low cost and low consumption of organic solvent. SDLPME coupled with gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) has been widely applied to the analyses of a different variety of samples. The basic principles, parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, and the latest applications of SDLPME are reviewed in this article.

Quantitation of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

A simple and efficient method (known as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)) combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) has been successfully developed for the extraction and determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in aquatic samples. The effects of parameters such as the nature and volume of the extracting and disperser solvents on the microextraction efficiency were also investigated. The volume of the extracting solvent (chlorobenzene) and that of the disperser solvent (acetonitrile) were obtained to be equal to 10.0 microL and 0.5 mL, respectively, in the optimal microextraction conditions established. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of the method was 0.5 microg L(-1) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs%) for determination of the MNTs were in the range of 8.0-9.4. Linearity was found to be in the range of 1-1000 microg L(-1); also, the pre-concentration factors were in the range of 351-357. Finally, the method was applied to determine the trace amounts of the MNTs in several real aquatic samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Quantitation of atorvastatin in human plasma using directly suspended acceptor droplet in liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.

A simple and sensitive methodology based on liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (LLLME) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) has been successfully developed for the determination of atorvastatin (AT) in human plasma. AT was first extracted from 4.5 mL acidic aqueous sample (diluted plasma, donor phase, pH 1) at temperature 45 degrees C through 400 microL 1-octanol for 4.5 min, while being agitated by a stirring bar at 1250 rpm. Then, a 5.5 microL free suspended basic aqueous droplet (acceptor phase, pH 10) was delivered to the top-center position of the organic membrane. The mixture was stirred at 650 rpm for 7.5 min and the analyte was back-extracted into the droplet. Finally, the acceptor phase was taken into a microsyringe and injected directly into the HPLC. An enrichment factor of 187 along with substantial sample clean up was obtained under the optimized conditions. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 1-500 ng mL(-1) with regression coefficient corresponding to 0.996. Limits of detection (S/N=3) and quantification (S/N=10) were 0.4 and 1 ng mL(-1), respectively. A reasonable relative recovery (91%) and satisfactory intra-assay (4.4-7.0%, n=6) and inter-assay (4.9-7.7%, n=8) precision illustrated good performance of the analytical procedure. This technique was eventually applied for the determination of AT in human plasma after oral administration of 40 mg single dose of drug. The protocol proved to be highly cost-effective and reliable for the screening purpose.

Study on the performance of the headspace liquid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in soft drinks and environmental water samples.

A simple, efficient and virtually solventless headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) technique, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed for the analysis of sorbic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA) in soft drinks and environmental water samples. A microdrop of organic solvent was suspended from the tip of a microsyringe needle over the headspace of the stirred sample solution, containing the analytes for a desired time. The microdrop was then retracted into the microsyringe and directly injected into the GC-MS, without any further pretreatment. Initially, microextraction efficiency factors were optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were as follows: 2.5 microL toluene microdrop exposed for 20 min over the headspace of a 6.5 mL aqueous sample (45 degrees C), containing 3 M of NaCl with pH of 1.5 and stirred at 1000 rpm. Under the optimized extraction conditions, preconcentration factors of 154 and 198, limits of detection of 0.3 and 0.1 microg L(-1) (S/N=3) with dynamic linear ranges of 1-500 and 0.5-500 microg L(-1), were obtained for SA and BA respectively. A good repeatability (RSD<10.3%, n=8) and satisfactory linearity (r(2) >or= 0.99) of results were achieved. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples, with results ranging from 90 to 113%. The method proved to be rapid and cost-effective and is a green procedure for screening purposes.

Liquid-phase microextraction by solidification of floating organic microdrop and GC-MS detection of trihalomethanes in drinking water.

A simple and sensitive methodology based on liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) followed by GC-MS, was developed for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. A microdrop of organic solvent was floated on the surface of the aqueous sample and it was agitated for a desired time. Then, the sample vial was cooled by inserting it into an ice bath for 4 min. The solidified solvent was transferred into a suitable vial and immediately melted. The extract was directly injected into the GC. Microextraction efficiency factors were investigated and optimized: 7 muL 1-undecanol microdrop exposed for 15 min floated on the surface of a 10.0 mL aqueous sample with the temperature of 60 degrees C containing 3 M of NaCl and stirred at 750 rpm. Under the selected conditions, enrichment factors (EFs) up to 482-fold, LOD of 0.03-0.08 mug/L (S/N = 3) and dynamic linear ranges of 0.10-100 mug/L were obtained. A reasonable repeatability (RSD < 8.6%, n = 8) with satisfactory linearity (r(2) greater, not dbl equals 0.9947) of results illustrated a good performance of the present method. The protocol proved to be rapid, cost-effective, and is a green procedure for the screening purposes.

Development of liquid phase microextraction method based on solidification of floated organic drop for extraction and preconcentration of organochlorine pesticides in water samples.

A simple and efficient liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) in conjunction with gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) has been developed for extraction and determination of 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from water samples. In this technique a microdrop of 1-dodecanol containing pentachloronitrobenzene (internal standard) is delivered to the surface of an aqueous sample while being agitated by a stirring bar in the bulk of solution. Following completion of extraction, the sample vial was cooled by putting it into an ice bath for 5 min. Finally 2 muL of the drop was injected into the GC for analysis. Factors relevant to the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions (extraction solvent: 1-dodecanol; extraction temperature: 65 degrees C; sodium chloride concentration: 0.25 M; microdrop and sample volumes: 8 muL and 20 mL respectively; the stirring rate: 750 rpm and the extraction time: 30 min), figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated. The detection limits of the method were in the range of 7-19 ngL(-1) and the RSD% for analysis of 2 mugL(-1) of OCPs was below 7.2% (n=5). A good linearity (r(2)> or =0.993) and a relatively broad dynamic linear range (25-2000 ngL(-1)) were obtained. After 30 min of extraction, preconcentration factors were in the range of 708-1337 for different organochlorine pesticides and the relative errors ranged from -10.1 to 10.9%. Finally the proposed method was successfully utilized for preconcentration and determination of OCPs in different real samples.

Diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the skin biopsy specimens in burn wound infections and detection of antibiotic susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE: To identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) from the skin biopsy specimens in burn wound infections by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) and detection of antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from culture. METHODS: We conducted this cross-sectional study in 140 patients with wound infections who admitted to the referral burn center of Motahari, Tehran, Iran, during a 12-month period from 2005-2006. Skin biopsy specimens were aseptically taken from each patient, one for PCR and one for bacterial culture. A M-PCR test based on the simultaneous amplification of 2 lipoprotein genes: oprI and oprL, was used to directly detect fluorescent pseudomonades and P. aeruginosa in skin biopsy specimens. The susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to 16 antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Out of 140 biopsy specimens, M-PCR detected 66 (47.2%) isolates, while culture detected 57 (40.7%) isolates as P. aeruginosa. Positive results for both genes which observed only for P. aeruginosa, while only one gene, oprI, was amplified from other fluorescent pseudomonades n=12 and all other bacterial tested n=62 were negative by the amplification test. The most effective antibiotics against isolate of P. aeruginosa were cefepime (79%), azetreonam (76%), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (68%), tobramycin (62%), and amikacin (61%). CONCLUSION: Multiplex PCR assay appears promising for the rapid and sensitive detection of P. aeruginosa from the burned skin biopsy specimens. Simultaneous amplification of 2 lipoprotein genes: oprI and oprL, could detect P. aeruginosa, and oprI gene only for other fluorescent pseudomonades.