ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Understanding the anatomy of nasal cartilage, which varies by ethnic group, is important for surgical correction of nasal tip deformities. OBJECTIVES: The authors measure the size and shape of the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) in Persian cadavers to provide summary guidelines. METHODS: A total of 72 cartilage dissections were performed on 36 fresh Persian cadavers. All soft tissue was removed from the lateral crura cartilages. The lateral, middle, and medial distances from the caudal edge of the lateral crus to the alar rim were measured at the junction of the middle and lateral crura. Measurements were obtained for alar cartilage, alar flaring, divergence angle, and other parameters. Comparisons were made between sexes and select ethnic groups. RESULTS: Significant gender differences were observed for the middle (P=.03) and medial crura (P=.02), but not the lateral crura (P=.05). Approximately 87% of lateral crura were convex, and 86% of middle crura were flat. The medial crus was convex in 58.3% of the cadavers, with no significant gender difference. We noted occasional asymmetry between the middle and medial crura. Measurements for Persians differed from those of Asians and African Americans, but were similar to those of Caucasians. The shape of Persian alar cartilage is distinct from other ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS: Alar cartilage anatomy varies across ethnic groups, and attention to the differences is recommended during preoperative planning and intraoperative technique when treating the nasal tip.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Nasal Cartilages/anatomy & histology , Adult , Aged , Cadaver , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment of vertical glabellar frown lines, frontal lines and crow's feet by means of direct injection of Dysport (Clostridium botulinum type A toxin - hemagglutinin complex) in Iranian patients. Dysport is one of the commercially available type A subtypes (Ipsen Ltd, Maidenhead Berkshire, UK). It is the one used most often in Iran. Botox, the other form of commercially available botulinum type A toxin, is used most often in the United States and Canada. Dysport is two to four times less effective, in similar unit doses, than Botox, which is why it is manufactured in larger vials (500-U vials for Dysport vs. 100-U vials for Botox). The authors have been using botulinum toxin type A in their practice for cosmetic purposes since 1995. An experience of over 1295 injections to the upper face animation (dynamic) lines in 108 patients is presented. This study included 108 patients and 208 injection sessions. We used Dysport containing 500 U toxin. Toxin was diluted with 2.5 mL of sterile normal saline and yielded 20 U for each 0.1 mL. A dose of 76 to 90 U was injected into each muscle. There were 95 women and 13 men in this study, ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. Doses ranged from 10 to 20 mL per injection, varying according to the severity of wrinkles, intensity of muscle contraction, and the mass of the muscle. The more bulky or greater intensity of muscle contraction, the higher the dose required to obtain good results. Therefore, the more bulky corrugator or frontalis muscle requires more than the thinner orbicularis. Dysport seemed to be a safe and effective alternative to Botox, giving good to excellent cosmetic results lasting at least 4 months in the majority of the patients.
