Direct costs of asthma in Brazil: a comparison between controlled and uncontrolled asthmatic patients.

Asthma is a common chronic illness that imposes a heavy burden on all aspects of the patient's life, including personal and health care cost expenditures. To analyze the direct cost associated to uncontrolled asthma patients, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine costs related to patients with uncontrolled and controlled asthma. Uncontrolled patient was defined by daytime symptoms more than twice a week or nocturnal symptoms during two consecutive nights or any limitations of activities, or need for relief rescue medication more than twice a week, and an ACQ score less than 2 points. A questionnaire about direct cost stratification in health services, including emergency room visits, hospitalization, ambulatory visits, and asthma medications prescribed, was applied. Ninety asthma patients were enrolled (45 uncontrolled/45 controlled). Uncontrolled asthmatics accounted for higher health care expenditures than controlled patients, US$125.45 and US$15.58, respectively [emergency room visits (US$39.15 vs US$2.70) and hospitalization (US$86.30 vs US$12.88)], per patient over 6 months. The costs with medications in the last month for patients with mild, moderate and severe asthma were US$1.60, 9.60, and 25.00 in the uncontrolled patients, respectively, and US$6.50, 19.00 and 49.00 in the controlled patients. In view of the small proportion of uncontrolled subjects receiving regular maintenance medication (22.2%) and their lack of resources, providing free medication for uncontrolled patients might be a cost-effective strategy for the public health system.

Direct costs of asthma in Brazil: a comparison between controlled and uncontrolled asthmatic patients

Asthma is a common chronic illness that imposes a heavy burden on all aspects of the patient's life, including personal and health care cost expenditures. To analyze the direct cost associated to uncontrolled asthma patients, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine costs related to patients with uncontrolled and controlled asthma. Uncontrolled patient was defined by daytime symptoms more than twice a week or nocturnal symptoms during two consecutive nights or any limitations of activities, or need for relief rescue medication more than twice a week, and an ACQ score less than 2 points. A questionnaire about direct cost stratification in health services, including emergency room visits, hospitalization, ambulatory visits, and asthma medications prescribed, was applied. Ninety asthma patients were enrolled (45 uncontrolled/45 controlled). Uncontrolled asthmatics accounted for higher health care expenditures than controlled patients, US$125.45 and US$15.58, respectively [emergency room visits (US$39.15 vs US$2.70) and hospitalization (US$86.30 vs US$12.88)], per patient over 6 months. The costs with medications in the last month for patients with mild, moderate and severe asthma were US$1.60, 9.60, and 25.00 in the uncontrolled patients, respectively, and US$6.50, 19.00 and 49.00 in the controlled patients. In view of the small proportion of uncontrolled subjects receiving regular maintenance medication (22.2 percent) and their lack of resources, providing free medication for uncontrolled patients might be a cost-effective strategy for the public health system.

Efeitos da aerossolterapia nas propriedades fisico-quimicas do muco bronquico / Effect of aerossolterapia in the physical-chemical properties of the mucus bronquico

A aerossolterapia e utilizada com frequencia no tratamento das alteracoes do aparelho mucociliar, entretanto, ate hoje nao ha provas significativas de seus efeitos. Este estudo analisou amostras de muco bronquicoexpectorado por 12 bronquiectasicos submetidos a inaloterapia com N-acetilcisteina (NAC 10 por cento), salina hipertonica (SH 1,5 por cento), salina isotonica (SI 0,9 por cento) e agua destilada (AD). Para analisar as propriedades do muco bronquico foram realizadasa mensuracao do angulo de adesao do deslocamento do muco na maquina simuladora da tosse e a celocidade de transporte em palato isolado de ra, alem da quantidade de muco expectorado, pela analise do peso umido e pela relacao peso seco/peso umido. Nao foram verificadas diferencas significativas (p<0,05) quando comparadas as substancias estudadas para as variaveis espirometria, relacao peso seco/peso umido, angulo e adesao e medida de deslocamento do mucona maquina simuladora da tosse. Porem, ao serem analisadas cada uma separadamente em relacao aos periodos antes, apos e 60 minutos do termino da sessao foram encontradas diferencas para as variaveis peso umido, na maquina simuladora da tosse e transporte palato ra. A solucao salina hipertonica (1,5 por cento), determinou reducao significativa (p<0,05) na quantidade de muco expectorado apos 60 minutos de inalacao (80), porem de melhor transportabilidade. A N-acetilcisteina (NAC 10 por cento) promoveu aumento significativo (p<0,05) na quantidade de muco expectorado, associado a tendencia de pior transportabilidade"""''as

Drenagem postural x tapotagem x tecnica de expiracao forcada: analise da transportabilidade do muco bronquico / Drainage postural x tapotagem x forced expiratory technique

E comum na fisioterapia respiratoria a utilizacao das manobras de higiene bronquica, no entanto, ainda nao esta bem claro o melhor protocolo de atendimento, visto que os efeitos isolados de cada manobra necessitam ser mais explorados, inclusive com metodos de analise de transportabilidade do muco bronquico. Este estudo analisou amostras de muco bronquico expectorado por 12 bronquiectasicos submetidos a drenagem postural isolada e associada a tapotagem e a tecnica de expiracao forcada. Para analisar a transportabilidade foi realizada a mensuracao do angulo de adesao, do deslocamento do muco na maquina da tosse e da velocidade relativa de transporte no palato de ra, alem do peso umido e da relacao peso seco/peso umido do muco. Houve forte tendencia de remocao de maior quantidade de secrecao apos drenagem postural isolada e associada a tapotagem, alem da tendencia de remocao de secrecao com menor teor liquido apos duas sessoes (50 minutos) de drenagem postural associada a tapotagem. O angulo de adesao do muco removido apos 80 minutos da conduta CONT foi menor (p<0,05) e, proximo da normalidade, de facil remocao. Neste caso, considerando que as demais manobras nao contribuem para a piora das qualidades fisico-quimicas do muco, e que os tempos iniciais das condutas anao apresentaram diferncas estatisticas, o muco expectorado por essas manobras apresentou angulo distante da normalidade, sugerindo que em todos os tempos das condutas estudads o muco expectorado apresentou pior perfil reologico, isto e, de dificil remocao, e somente pela aplicacao das mesmas edsse muco pode ser removido

Inhaled budesonide for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.

CONTEXT: Budesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid with high topical potency and low systemic activity recommended in the treatment of chronic asthma. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of inhaled budesonide via a breath-activated, multi-dose, dry-powder inhaler. TYPE OF STUDY: Multicenter randomized parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. SETTING: Multicenter study in the university units. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with mild-to-moderate asthma that was not controlled using bronchodilator therapy alone. PROCEDURES: Comparison of budesonide 400 microg administered twice daily via a breath-activated, multi-dose, dry-powder inhaler with placebo, in 43 adult patients (aged 15 to 78 years) with mild-to-moderate asthma (FEV1 71% of predicted normal) that was not controlled using bronchodilator therapy alone. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Efficacy was assessed by pulmonary function tests and asthma symptom control (as perceived by the patients) and the use of rescue medication. RESULTS: Budesonide 400 microg (bid) was significantly more effective than placebo in improving morning peak expiratory flow (mean difference: 67.9 l/min; P < 0.005) and FEV1 (mean difference: 0.60 l; P < 0.005) over the 8-week treatment period. Onset of action, assessed by morning peak expiratory flow, occurred within the first two weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Budesonide via a breath-activated, multi-dose, dry-powder inhaler results in a rapid onset of asthma control, which is maintained over time and is well tolerated in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma.

Complicaciones pulmonares y mortalidad en el postoperatorio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica leve y moderada sometidos a cirugía general electiva / Postoperative lung complications and mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD undergoing elective general surgery

OBJETIVO: Verificar la incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias (CPP) y mortalidad en enfermos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) de grado leve y moderado sometidos a cirugía general electiva, y correlacionarlas con sexo, edad, anestesia, incisión quirúrgica, tiempo quirúrgico, tabaquismo, síntomas respiratorios, otras enfermedades clínicas, estado nutricional, examen pulmonar, electrocardiograma anormal, valores de PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 y FEV1/FVC.TIPO DE ESTUDIO: Prospectivo y abierto. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó e incluyó a 59 portadores de EPOC (FEV1/FVC por debajo del 88 por ciento de lo previsto para mujeres y por debajo del 89 por ciento para varones), en un hospital universitario de nivel terciario, acompañados en los períodos pre y postoperatorio, hasta su alta hospitalaria o su fallecimiento. RESULTADOS: Veinte pacientes (33,9 por ciento) presentaron CPP y 6 fallecieron (dos por causa pulmonar [3,4 por ciento]). Ocurrieron 35 CPP (neumonía, 37,2 por ciento); broncospasmo, 22,9 por ciento; atelecttasia, 11,4 por ciento; insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, 11,4; ventilación mecánica prolongada, 11,4 por ciento; infección bronquial, 5,7 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo para CPP fueron el sexo masculino, tiempo quirúrgico mayor de 210 min, relación FEV1/FVC disminuida (71,9 ñ 10,9 por ciento) e incisión quirúrgica en el tórax o la región abdominal superior. No hubo diferencia entre el grupo con y sin CPP cuando analizamos las variables edad, presencia de síntomas respiratorios, enfermedad clínica asociada, examen pulmonar alterado, estado nutricional, tabaquismo, electrocardiograma anormal, PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 y tiempo de hospitalización preoperatoria. El uso de la mediana del consumo de cigarrillos de 40 paquetes/año ha demostrado que los pacientes con consumo por encima de este valor presentaron un número más grande de CPP. Los pacientes con CPP permanecieron internados más días (16,6 ñ 15,0 frente a 7,5 ñ 5,7) y en unidades de terapia intensiva (7,0 ñ 5,9 frente a 1,7 ñ 0,7) que los que no tuvieron complicaciones (p < 0,05).CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de CPP fue del 33,9 por ciento, y la mortalidad por causa pulmonar del 3,4 por ciento. Se consideraron factores de riesgo el sexo masculino, intensidad del tabaquimo, tiempo quirúrgico mayor de 210 min, relación FEV1/FVC disminuida e incisión quirúrgica en tórax o región abodminal alta. No hubo ningún factor de riesgo que pronosticase la mortalidad en este grupo (AU)

[Applicability of the Torrington and Henderson scale]. / Aplicabilidade da escala de Torrington e Henderson.

PURPOSE: To validate the Torrington & Henderson preoperative risk assessment program in the population of surgical patients in an university hospital (Hospital São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brasil). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 1162 patients who underwent to major thoracic, upper and under abdominal surgery using the Torrington & Henderson program. The patients were classified in low (785), moderate (317) and high risk (60). All patients were accompanied daily during the postoperative period by the same medical team which assessed the preoperative period, until discharged or died. RESULTS: The postoperative pulmonary complications were present in 6.1%, 23.3% and 35.0% in the low, moderate and high risk respectively. The relative risk to develop postoperative pulmonary complications was 3.8 higher in the patients with moderate risk and 5.7 higher in the patients with high risk. The mortality rate due to pulmonary complications was 1.7%, 6.3% and 11.7% respectively in the patients with low, moderate and high risk. The relative risk to the death was 3.7 higher in the patients with moderate risk and 6.9 in the high risk. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the Torrington & Henderson preoperative risk assessment program can identify in our population patients who will develop postoperative pulmonary complications.

Aplicabilidade da escala de Torrington e Henderson / Applicability of the Torrington and Henderson scale

OBJETIVO: Validar a escala de Torrington e Henderson na estratificação do risco cirúrgico da nossa população, fornecendo a quantificação do mesmo. Tipo de estudo: coorte prospectivo longitudinal. Duração do estudo: 30 meses. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 1162 pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgia geral eletiva no Ambulatório de Risco Cirúrgico da Disciplina de Pneumologia da EPM/Unifesp. De acordo com a escala de Torrington e Henderson os pacientes foram classificados no período pré-operatório em portadores de baixo (n=785), moderado (n=317) e alto risco (n=60) para a ocorrência de complicações pulmonares e óbito, no período pós-operatório. No pós-operatório realizou-se avaliação clínica diária dos mesmos até alta hospitalar ou óbito verificando-se a ocorrência das seguintes complicações pulmonares neste período: infecção respiratória aguda (pneumonia ou traqueobronquite),atelectasia, insuficiência respiratória aguda, entubação orotraqueal ou ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas e broncoespasmo. RESULTADOS: Complicações pulmonares no pós-operatório ocorreram em 6,1 por cento dos pacientes de baixo risco, 23,3 por cento nos de moderado e 35 por cento nos de alto risco (p < 0,05). O risco relativo de ocorrer complicações pulmonares foi de 3,8 vezes para os pacientes de moderado risco e de 5,7 vezes para os de alto risco em relação aos de baixo risco. A incidência de óbito de causa pulmonar no pós-operatório foi, respectivamente, de 1,7 por cento , 6,3 e 11,7 por cento entre os pacientes de baixo, moderado e de alto risco (p < 0,001). O risco relativo de óbito pulmonar foi de 3,7 vezes para os pacientes de moderado risco e de 6,9 vezes para aqueles de alto risco em relação aos de baixo risco. CONCLUSÃO: A escala de Torrington e Henderson é útil na estratificação do risco cirúrgico nesta população estudada.

Prospective assessment of the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients submitted to upper abdominal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between preoperative variables and postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) in elective upper abdominal surgery. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: A tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: 408 patients were prospectively analyzed during the preoperative period and followed up postoperatively for pulmonary complications. MEASUREMENTS: Patient characteristics, with clinical and physical evaluation, related diseases, smoking habits, and duration of surgery. Preoperative pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed on 247 patients. RESULTS: The postoperative pulmonary complication rate was 14 percent. The significant predictors in univariate analyses of postoperative pulmonary complications were: age >50, smoking habits, presence of chronic pulmonary disease or respiratory symptoms at the time of evaluation, duration of surgery >210 minutes and comorbidity (p <0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, the statistically significant predictors were: presence of chronic pulmonary disease, surgery lasting >210 and comorbidity (p <0.009). CONCLUSIONS: There were three major clinical risk factors for pulmonary complications following upper abdominal surgery: chronic pulmonary disease, comorbidity, and surgery lasting more than 210 minutes. Those patients with three risk factors were three times more likely to develop a PPC compared to patients without any of these risk factors (p <0.001). PFT is indicated when there are uncertainties regarding the patient's pulmonary status.

Evaluation of an educational programme for socially deprived asthma patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an asthma education programme in moderate and severe asthma patients in a longitudinal, prospective and randomized study with a control group. Fifty-three asthmatic patients were studied, 26 of whom were assigned to the educational group and 27 to the control group. The educational group attended the programme regularly for a period of 6 months. The programme included information about asthma, instruction on the appropriate use of medication and training in the metered dose inhaler (MDI) technique, and information about the identification and control of asthma attacks and the recognition of early signs of exacerbation. The control group was submitted to the routine care provided at the Asthma Clinic, with no formal instruction regarding asthma control. The groups were identical with regard to severity parameters, skills, lung function and quality of life at the beginning of the trial. At the end of the study, the education group showed significant differences when compared with the control group (education/control (mean values)) with respect to: visits to the asthma emergency room over the previous 6 months, 0.7/2 (p=0.03); nocturnal symptoms, 0.3/0.7 (p=0.04); score of symptoms, 1.3/2 (p=0.04). Improvements were also observed in skills and quality of life, knowledge of how to deal with attacks and how to control the environmental triggering factors, 73/35 (<0.05); correct use of the MDI, 8/4 (0.001); understanding of the difference between relief and anti-inflammatory medication, 86/20 (<0.05); and in the global limitation quality of life score, 28/50 (0.02). It is concluded that the educational programme led to a significant improvement in asthma morbidity and that the implantation of educational programmes is possible for special populations when these programmes are adapted to the socioeconomic profile of the patients, with a significant gain in terms of the reduction of symptoms and improved pulmonary function and quality of life of asthmatics.

Evaluation of bone metabolism after the use of an inhaled glucocorticoid (flunisolide) in patients with moderate asthma.

OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the effects of the inhaled corticosteroid flunisolide on bone metabolism and adrenal function in patients with moderate asthma. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Twenty ambulatory patients (13 females, 7 males, mean age +/- SD of 36.4 +/- 12.4 years) with moderate asthma were recruited. None had taken corticosteroids for at least 1 month. Flunisolide 500 microg was given twice a day for 10 weeks, without any other medication. Blood and urine were collected before and at the end of treatment course. Cortisol (basal and 1 h after ACTH 250 microg i.v.) was measured to evaluate adrenal function. A peak cortisol response of 496 nmol/l was considered an adequate response. Serum ionized calcium, intact PTH, plasma osteocalcin (OC) and urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxy-pyridinoline (D-Pyr) were measured to evaluate bone metabolism. Wilcoxon paired test was performed for statistical analysis. Results are expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: In most patients (85%), there was no difference after treatment with flunisolide on basal and stimulated cortisol levels. We found a significant decrease of OC (3.55 +/- 1.42 to 2.97 +/- 1.05 nmol/l) and Pyr (66.4 +/- 20.0 to 59.5 +/- 24.9 pmol/micromol creatinine) levels after treatment (P < 0.05). We also observed a positive correlation between the variations seen in pre and post treatment values of OC and Pyr/D-Pyr. CONCLUSIONS: The use of inhaled flunisolide 1000 microg/day for 10 weeks had no suppressive effect on adrenal function in the majority of asthmatic patients studied. However, the effects seen on bone and mineral metabolism, evidenced by the significant fall in osteocalcin and pyridinoline levels, may indicate a possible systemic effect of this drug. Clinical consequences of long-term treatment with flunisolide need to be further evaluated.

[Efficacy of and tolerance to salmeterol compared to salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma]. / Estudo da eficácia e tolerabilidade do salmeterol comparativamente ao salbutamol em pacientes com asma brônquica.

UNLABELLED: Beta 2-agonists are considered one of the cornerstones of the asthma therapy, but their short action requires frequent administration and an association with other broncodilators. The development of long-acting beta 2-agonists may represent an important improvement in asthma treatment. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of inhaled salmeterol compared to salbutamol in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. METHODS: After the two run-in weeks, the patients received either salmeterol 50 mg twice a day or salbutamol 200 mg four times a day, over a four week period, following a double blind, parallel group study. Sixty patients had the following inclusion criteria: FEV1 > 50% or PEFR over the past seven days > 50% of predicted normal; reversibility of FEV1 > 15%; symptoms scores > 2 (score 0 and 5) in 4 of the last seven days or PEFR variation > 15%. RESULTS: Seven patients discontinued the protocol (see methods). Of the 53 analyzable patients, 25 were of the salmeterol group and 28 of the salbutamol group. Our results showed that in the run-in period there were not differences among the groups comparing the values of FEV1 in % predicted, morning PEFR and asthma symptoms scores. The improvement rate of morning FEV1 and PEFR in patients who received salmeterol was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the patients who received salbutamol, for two and four weeks of treatment. Also, the salmeterol group have shown reduction of the symptoms in the nocturnal period(significantly in the first fortnight of treatment) demonstrated by the significative increase in the symptoms improvement rate when compared salmeterol and to salbutamol groups. The number of rescue medication inhaled, side effects, heart rate, blood pressure, serum potassium dosage and electrocardiograms, did no show significative differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that in mild to moderate asthmatic patients, salmeterol in the dosage of 100 mg/day raised the FEV1 and the morning PEF and led to pronounced decrease in the nocturnal symptoms as compared to salbutamol. The side effects were similar.

Estudo da eficácia e tolerabilidade do salmeterol comparativamente ao salbutamol em pacientes com asma brônquica / Efficacy and safety of unhaled salmeterol compared to salbutamol in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma

Os Beta2-agonistas constituem um dos pilares do tratamento da asma brônquica, porém sua curta duraçao de açao exige uso freqüente e a associaçao com outras drogas broncodilatadoras. O surgimento dos Beta2-agonistas de longa açao pode representar um avanço na terapêutica da asma brônquica. Objetivo. O presente estudo propoe-se a avaliar, em nosso meio, a eficácia e a tolerabilidade do salmeterol (SM), comparativamente ao salbutamol (SB), em pacientes com asma leve e moderada. Métodos. Após uma etapa de estabilizaçao de duas semanas, os pacientes utilizaram salmeterol 50mcg duas vezes ao dia, e salbutamol 200mcg quatro vezes ao dia, durante o período de quatro semanas, seguindo um esquema duplo cego, aleatório, de grupos paralelos. Foram estudados 60 pacientes que preencheram os seguintes critérios de inclusao: VEF1 (Volume Expiratório Forçado no 1 segundo)>50 por cento: variaçao diurna do PFE (Pico do Fluxo Expiratório) > 15 por cento ou resposta do VEF1 ao BD> 15 por cento, gradaçao de sintomas >2 (escala de 0 a 5) em quatro dos últimos sete dias. Resultados. Dos 60 pacientes estudados, sete foram excluídos no período de tratamento (ver Métodos), sendo concluído o estudo com 25 pacientes no grupo salmeterol e 28 no grupo salbutamol. No período de estabilizaçao, nao houve diferença significante entre os grupos, comparando-se os valores de VEF1 em porcentagem do prev., PFE matinal, gradaçao de sintomas e gravidade da asma. O percentual de melhora do VEF1 e do PFE matinal nos pacientes que receberam salmeterol foi significantemente mais elevado entre 2 e 4 semanas de tratamento, em relaçao aos pacientes que receberam salbutamol (p<0,05). Da mesma forma, o grupo salmeterol apresentou reduçao significante nos valores médios dos sintomas no período noturno na 1 quinzena de tratamento. Em relaçao ao número de inalaçao de socorro utilizadas, efeitos colaterais, freqüência cardíaca, pressao arterial sistêmica e dosagem de potássio, nao houve diferença significante entre os grupos. Conclusao. Este estudo demonstrou que, em pacientes com asma leve a moderada, o salmeterol na dose de 100mcg/dia elevou o VEF1, o PFE matinal e apresentou diminuiçao significantemente maior dos sintomas noturnos em relaçao aos observados no grupo salbutamol, e que a tolerância aos medicamentos estudados foi semelhante nos dois grupos.

Inverse ratio ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome: an experimental study in dogs regarding gasometric and hemodynamic aspects

Cardiorespiratory values were measured in 14 mongrel dogs with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), before and following the pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) at an inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 2:1. After the administration of oleic acid, the dogs developed metabolic acidosis, arterial hypoxemia, decreased compliance and cardiac index. There were no significant changes in any hemodynamic or arterial blood gases with the institution of inverse ratio ventilation. We concluded that the IRV with I:E of 2:1 and respiratory ratio of 12 bpm did not improve the arterial blood gases in ARDS. We speculate that to get better oxygenation in this model of mechanical ventilation we'll need increase the respiratory ratio to decrease the expiratory time and provoke the intrinsic positive end expiration pressure (PEEP).