Iron Deficiency in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex cardiovascular condition that is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, which leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Among the various factors that influence the pathophysiology and progression of PH, iron deficiency has become a critical, yet often overlooked, element. In this review, the prevalence, implications, and therapeutic potential of addressing iron deficiency in patients with PH are elucidated.Iron deficiency, which is prevalent in a significant proportion of patients with PH, has been associated with worsened clinical outcomes, including diminished exercise capacity, impaired oxygen transport and utilization, and compromised right ventricular function. The pathophysiological linkages between iron deficiency and PH are multifaceted and involve alterations in oxygen sensing, endothelial function, and metabolic disturbances.In this review, the evidence from recent clinical trials and studies that assess the impact of iron supplementation, both oral and intravenous, on PH outcomes is critically analyzed. Although some studies suggest improvements in exercise capacity and hemodynamic parameters following iron repletion, the responses appear variable and are not universally beneficial. This review highlights the complexities of iron metabolism in PH and the challenges in effectively diagnosing and treating iron deficiency in this patient population.Furthermore, the potential mechanisms through which iron supplementation might influence pulmonary vascular and right ventricular function, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment approaches are discussed. In this review, the importance of recognizing iron deficiency in the management of patients with PH is highlighted, and further research is warranted to establish comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for iron supplementation in this unique patient cohort. The ultimate goal of this review is to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients suffering from this debilitating condition.

Idiopathic Capillary Leak Syndrome (Clarkson's Disease): First Reported Case in Oman.

Idiopathic capillary leak syndrome, also known as Clarkson's Disease, is a rare cause of hypovolemic shock that physicians should be aware of. It is characterized by a state of hypovolemia with features of widespread fluid third spacing and poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here, we present a challenging case of a 36-year-old woman who experienced recurrent episodes of widespread edema and hypovolemic shock symptoms suggestive of capillary leak syndrome. The resuscitative and therapeutic measures employed in managing this disease are described in this case report.

Evaluating the Impact of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Therapies on Pericardial Effusion and Patient Survival.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) therapies on the incidence of pericardial effusion and its prognostic implications for patient survival. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 60 patients diagnosed with PAH at a high-volume tertiary care center, treated with intravenous or subcutaneous prostanoids. Data were collected from 2015 to 2019, including echocardiographic assessments, right heart catheterization, World Health Organization functional class evaluations, six-minute walk distance tests, and biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide. Follow-up was conducted at least 90 days post-treatment initiation. Results: Pericardial effusion was observed in 31.7% of patients before therapy. Patients with moderate to large effusions had a significantly higher mortality risk (HR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.1-44.78; p =0.0044), while small effusions appeared protective (HR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.15-0.48; p =0.006). Survival rates declined from 89% at one year to 71% at three years post-therapy, with effusion presence correlating with more severe PAH manifestations. Conclusions: Initial pericardial effusion severity is a critical predictor of mortality in PAH patients. Early assessment and stratified management of pericardial effusion are essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes in PAH management. Future research should explore targeted interventions for managing pericardial effusion to improve patient prognosis.

The Road to Heart Transplant in a Patient With Cardiomyopathy, Shone Complex, and Severe Pulmonary Hypertension.

Our case report details the journey of a 16-year-old male patient with Shone complex and advanced heart failure. We highlight the pivotal role of the HeartWare Ventricular Assist Device (Medtronic) implantation in mitigating severe pulmonary hypertension, thereby facilitating his eligibility for a heart transplant. We discuss the subsequent management of post-transplant pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction using targeted pulmonary vasodilators and inotropic support, underscoring the intricacies of postoperative care in pediatric heart transplant patients. This case emphasizes our observation of the critical role that left ventricular assist devices play in redefining transplant candidacy and the necessity for complex, ongoing management in pediatric heart transplant scenarios.

Impact of tricuspid regurgitation severity on mortality in pulmonary hypertension patients: A comprehensive analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) presents as a complex cardiovascular condition with a highly variable prognosis. Secondary tricuspid regurgitation (TR), a frequent comorbidity in PH, has an uncertain impact on patient outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between the severity of TR and mortality in patients with PH. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 110 PH patients who underwent right-heart catheterization was conducted. TR severity was categorized echocardiographically as mild, moderate, or severe. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess predictors of mortality. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 60 years, predominantly female (65 %). Severe TR was present in 36 % of patients. Over a 20-month median follow-up, mortality was notably higher in patients with severe TR (30 %) compared to those with milder forms (15 %, p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis confirmed severe TR, WHO functional class III/IV, and right ventricular stroke work index as independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: Severe TR significantly predicts increased mortality in PH patients, underscoring its importance in patient management. These findings advocate for early detection and comprehensive management of TR, integrating its assessment into routine PH care to potentially enhance patient outcomes.

Inappropriate Hospital Stay of Patients Admitted Under Care of General Medicine Units: A retrospective study.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the incidence of inappropriate hospital stay and to identify the reasons behind inappropriate hospitalisation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted in the General Internal Medicine Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, from January to June 2020. The average length of hospital stay for all included patients was calculated. The appropriateness evaluation protocol technique was used to examine admissions that exceeded the average length of hospital stay; subsequently, the reasons for the inappropriate hospital stay were identified. Results: There were 855 admissions during the study period. In this cohort, 53.1% were male and the median age was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 44-75 years). There was a total of 6,785.4 hospitalisation days and the average length of hospital stay was five days (IQR: 3-9 days). A total of 31.8% of admissions (n = 272) and 9.9% of hospitalisation days (n = 674 days) were classified as inappropriate. Delay in complementary tests (29.0%) and unavailability of extra hospital resources (21.7%) were identified as the most common reasons associated with inappropriate hospital stays. Old age was associated with increase in inappropriate hospital stay. Conclusion: A significant proportion of hospitalisation days were inappropriate due to hospital-related factors. Therefore, auditing hospital services and investing in home-based care are among the top strategies that are likely to improve early discharge and minimise inappropriate hospital bed occupancy.

Extensive Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in a Female With a Known Untreated Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case Report.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disease associated with a twofold higher risk of stroke and venous thromboembolism (VTE). An 18-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) with a one-hour history of right-side body weakness, facial asymmetry, and altered mental status. The patient had poor mentation and was unable to protect her airway. She was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). She was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome three years ago; however, she was not on active treatment at the time of presentation. She received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and her last dose was six months before the current presentation. A workup showed that she had extensive arterial and venous thrombosis. Later during investigations, she was found to have a complex atrial septal defect (ASD) with a left-to-right shunt. This case reports a management approach for a young female with untreated polycystic ovarian syndrome that predisposed her to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and ischemic stroke due to atrial septal defect with possible transient shunt reversal.

Thyrotoxicosis Periodic Paralysis: A Rare Presentation of a Common Disease.

We report a 31-year-old man of an Arabic ethnicity who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a one-night history of progressive generalized weakness followed by an inability to move all four limbs. The patient was found to have hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia. Detailed inpatient assessment revealed that the patient had undiagnosed Graves' disease with thyrotoxicosis causing electrolyte disturbances and paralysis. The patient's symptoms resolved after the correction of the electrolytes. In this case study, we report an unusual presenting symptom of paralysis of Graves' disease in a patient of Arabic ethnicity.

Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Rhabdomyolysis 12 Days After First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is a current global crisis, and there are hundreds of millions of individuals being vaccinated worldwide. At present, there have been few reports of COVID-19 vaccine-induced autoimmune processes manifested as myositis, thrombocytopenia, and myocarditis. CASE REPORT A 37-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a 3-day history of back pain and a 1-day history of left upper limb swelling with paresthesia and shortness of breath, 12-days after receiving the first dose of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. He was diagnosed with severe myositis complicated with rhabdomyolysis and non-oliguric acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, myocarditis with pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Screens for potential toxic, infectious, paraneoplastic, and autoimmune disorders were unremarkable. The patient was treated with a 5-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin, with a good response. He was hospitalized for 16 days and discharged home on a tapering dose of oral prednisolone for 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The case describes a possible link between Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and immune-mediated myocarditis, pulmonary vasculitis, myositis, and thrombocytopenia. However, further data are required to confirm such an association.

Late-Onset COVID-19-Related Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in a Middle-Aged Man.

A 47-year-old man presented to the emergency department with persistent fever, chest pain and neck swelling, two months following a mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. He was found to have persistent fever, hypotension, cervical lymphadenitis, myocarditis, and acute kidney injury, collectively meeting the multi-system inflammatory syndrome criteria in adults (MIS-A). The patient responded well to methylprednisolone therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins with a complete clinical recovery. This case demonstrates that MIS-A can present as a delayed complication of COVID-19 infection.

A 59-Year-Old Woman with Extensive Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism 7 Days Following a First Dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing cause of the current global healthcare crisis. Several vaccines were approved for use by emergency vaccination campaigns worldwide. At present, there are very few reports of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune-thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a variant of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), in comparison to the massive number of vaccinated people worldwide. CASE REPORT A 59-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with a 3-day history of sudden-onset left leg pain 7 days after receiving her first dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (Pfizer-BioNTech). She was diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) and found to have a positive HIT screen with optical density (OD) of 0.6 via ELISA test. She was hospitalized for 4 days and discharged home with an oral anticoagulant (rivaroxaban). CONCLUSIONS This case report describes a possible link between BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination and thromboembolism. However, further data are needed to support such an association.

Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Familial Hypercholesterolemia at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Oman.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) that presented to the lipid clinic at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman. METHODS: Patients who presented with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (> 189.0 mg/dL or 4.9 mmol/L) were recruited to the study. FH was diagnosed according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. Analyses were performed using univariate statistics. RESULTS: The study enrolled 450 patients with a mean age of 48.0±12.0 years, 56.0% (n = 252) were males and 11.3% (n = 51) were smokers. At admission, the proportion of 'probable/definite', 'possible', and 'unlikely' FH were 27.6% (n = 124), 70.0% (n = 315), and 2.4% (n = 11), respectively. Overall, 26.0% (n = 117) of patients had hypertension, 22.4% (n = 101) had a history of coronary artery disease, and 17.3% (n = 78) had diabetes mellitus. Those with 'probable/definite' FH were more likely to be prescribed high-intensity statin therapy (75.8% vs. 54.5%; p < 0.001) and statin ezetimibe combination (50.8% vs. 27.3%; p < 0.001) when compared to the 'unlikely' FH cohort. Additionally, those with very high atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASCVD) risk were also associated with high-intensity statin therapy (54.7% vs. 42.7%; p = 0.006) and statin ezetimibe combination (26.4% vs. 17.2%; p = 0.023). Patients with 'probable/definite' FH were less likely to achieve their LDL-C goal attainment compared to those with 'unlikely' FH (13.0% vs. 57.1%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, those with very high ASCVD risk were less likely to achieve their LDL-C goals compared to the high ASCVD risk cohort (9.6% vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: FH patients are underdiagnosed, undertreated, and less likely to attain their LDL-C goals in Oman.

Pattern of acute pancreatitis in a tertiary care center in oman.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis in a tertiary care center in Oman. METHODS: A retrospective study evaluated all adults (>18 yrs) who presented with first attack of acute pancreatitis to SQUH from 1(st) of January 2006 to 31(st) of December 2012. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four patients were found. The mean age of the cohort was 44 ± 11 years. 54% (n=95) were male and 45% (n=79) were female. Majority of the cases were mild (n=131) compared to moderate (n=29) and severe (n=14). Sixty six percent (n=116) of the cases were secondary to alcohol and biliary tract diseases. Alcoholic pancreatitis occurred in 53% of the males whereas biliary pancreatitis occurred in 51% of the females. Pancreatitis recurred in 40% (n=71) of the cases, especially in alcoholic pancreatitis. 56 patients (32%) had complications, especially in the severe cases. CONCLUSION: The data about acute pancreatitis in Oman was similar to the Western countries. Pancreatitis occurred in males more than females. Alcoholic pancreatitis was more common in males, whereas biliary pancreatitis was more common in females. Alcoholic pancreatitis re-occurred in nearly half of the cases. Severe cases were associated with more complications and recurrence.

Comparison of therapeutic lipid target achievements among high-risk patients in Oman.

We compared therapeutic lipid target achievements among patients with diabetes or coronary heart disease (CHD) in Oman. A retrospective chart review of 94 patients was conducted at an outpatient clinic in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman. The variables included low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apo B). The overall mean age of the cohort was 59 ± 12 years, 54% were male, 66% were diabetic, 48% hypertensive, 45% had CHD, 94% were on simvastatin, 4% were on fenofibrate, and 2% were on both simvastatin and fenofibrate. Lipid goal attainments of calculated LDL-C (<2.6 mmol/L), apo B (<0.9 g/L), and non-HDL-C (<3.36 mmol/L) were reached in 52%, 39%, and 53% of the patients, respectively. A significant proportion of high-risk patients treated with lipid-lowering agents reach LDL-C but not the apo B treatment targets, suggesting that the use of apo B target values should also be considered.

Plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase is strongly determined by acylation stimulating protein levels independent of insulin resistance in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Steatosis is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome often associated with release of liver enzymes and inflammatory adipocytokines linked to cardiovascular risk. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is one sensitive liver marker recently identified as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Mechanisms involved in enhanced hepatic lipogenesis causing steatosis are not yet identified and are usually linked to insulin resistance (IR). Acylation stimulating protein (ASP), a potent lipogenic factor, was recently shown to increase in patients with steatosis and was implicated in its pathogenesis. AIM: To investigate the association of plasma ASP levels with liver and metabolic risk markers in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. METHODS: 28 patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Their anthropometrics, lipid profile, liver markers, insulin, and ASP levels were measured. RESULTS: In the patients, ASP, liver, and metabolic risk markers were markedly higher than in the controls. ASP strongly predicted GGT levels (B = 0.75, P < 0.0001), followed by triglycerides (B = 0.403, P = 0.017), together determining 57.6% variation in GGT levels. Insulin and IR correlated with metabolic risk components but not with liver enzymes. CONCLUSION: The strong association of ASP with GGT in ACS patients suggests that ASP, independent of IR, may contribute to a vicious cycle of hepatic lipogenic stimulation and GGT release promoting atherogenesis.

Plasma Levels of Acylation-Stimulating Protein Are Strongly Predicted by Waist/Hip Ratio and Correlate with Decreased LDL Size in Men.

The association of abdominal obesity with cardiovascular risk is often linked to altered secretion of adipose-derived factors and an abnormal lipid profile including formation of atherogenic small dense low density lipoprotein particles (sdLDL). Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipose-derived hormone that exhibits potent lipogenic effects. Plasma ASP levels increase in obesity; however, the association of ASP levels with body fat distribution is not yet established, and no study to date has investigated the association of ASP with LDL size. In this study, we examined the association of ASP levels with abdominal obesity measures and the lipid profile including LDL size in 83 men with a wide range of abdominal girths. Regression analysis showed that waist/hip ratio was the main predictor of ASP levels ( ß = 0.52, P < 0.0001), significantly followed by decreased LDL size. BMI and TG levels, although positively correlated with ASP levels, were excluded as significant predictors in regression analysis. No correlation was found with LDL-C or apoB levels. ASP levels were 62.5% higher in abdominally obese compared to nonobese men. Waist/hip ratio presenting as the main predictor of ASP levels, suggests increased ASP production by abdominal fat which, as proposed previously, may result from resistance to ASP function causing delayed TG clearance and subsequent formation of atherogenic sdLDL.

Accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of carcinoma in patients with multinodular goiter.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a useful method for evaluating multinodular goiter; however, its role is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of ultrasound-guided thyroid FNA in detecting malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter in Oman. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study where all patients with multinodular goiter seen at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital endocrinology clinic in Oman in 2005 were evaluated. The thyroid FNA results were grouped into either malignancy (positive result) or others (negative result). They were compared to those of final histopathological examination in order to calculate the value of the test in diagnosing malignancy. Analyses were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 272 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 39΁13 years with an age range from 5 to 85 years. The majority of the patients were females (n=236; 87%). The results of thyroid FNA revealed that 6% (n=15) of the patients had malignancies while histopathological results showed that the proportion of subjects with malignancies was 18% (n=49). Out of the 15 cases identified to have malignances by thyroid FNA, only 53% (n=8) of the subjects were confirmed to have malignancy by biopsy. Overall, the results of the tests were poor, revealing a sensitivity of 16%, specificity of 97% and a diagnostic accuracy of 82%, with a positive predictive value of 53% and a negative predictive value of 84%. CONCLUSION: Thyroid FNA is not a useful test in differentiating multinodular goiter from malignancy, as more than 80% of the malignancies go unnoticed.

Diagnostic Value of Electrocardiographic T Wave Inversion in Lead aVL in Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical value of T wave inversion in lead aVL in diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the correlation between aVL T wave inversion and CAD in patients with chronic stable angina. METHODS: Electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 257 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography were analyzed. All patients had chronic stable angina. All patients with secondary T wave inversion had been excluded (66 patients). The remaining 191 patients constituted the study population. Detailed ECG interpretation and coronary angiographic findings were conducted by experienced cardiologists. RESULTS: T wave inversion in aVL was identified in 89 ECGs (46.8%) with definite ischemic Q-ST-T changes in different leads in 97 ECGs (50.8%). Stand alone aVL T wave inversion was found in 27 ECGs (14.1%) while ischemic changes in other leads with normal aVL were identified in 36 ECGs (18.8%). The incidence of CAD was 86.3%. Single, two- and multi-vessel CAD were found in 38.8%, 28.5% and 32.7% of cases respectively. The prevalence of left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries were 4.7%, 61.2%, 29.3% and 44.5%, respectively. T wave inversion in aVL was found to be the only ECG variable significantly predicting mid segment left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions (Odds Ratio 2.93, 95% Confidence Interval 1.59-5.37, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides new information relating to T wave inversion in lead aVL to mid segment LAD lesions. Implication of this simple finding may help in bedside diagnosis of CAD typically mid LAD lesions. However, further studies are needed to corroborate this finding.

Comparative study of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and clinic blood pressure measurement in the risk assessment and management of hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: Blood pressure (BP) measurements taken in a physician's clinic do not represent readings throughout the day. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) overcomes this problem by providing multiple readings with minimal interference with the patient's daily activities. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the value of ABPM in risk assessment and management of hypertension compared to office measurements. METHODS: A total of 104 consecutive hypertensive patients were retrospectively studied from January 2007 to December 2009. The following data were gathered: 1) clinic BP measurements; 2) routine blood test results; 3) electrocardiography, echocardiography, and 4) 24-hour ABPM. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 41.1 ± 8.6 years and 51.9% of them male. Indications for ABPM were: suspected "white coat" hypertension (10.6%), de novo hypertension (18.2%), resistant hypertension (27.9%) and others (43.3%). Mean daytime and nighttime BP were 134/82 and 124/73 mmHg respectively. A non-dipping pattern was reported in 64.4%. Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was encountered in 22.1% and 29.8% respectively. ABPM parameters were significantly correlated with LVDD (P = 0.043). Patients with proved "white coat" hypertension did not receive antihypertensive therapy. CONCLUSION: Twenty-four hour ABPM is an important yet underused tool for proper risk stratification of treated hypertensive patients. The non-dipping profile is associated with a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction. Our collective results revealed the superiority of ABPM over office BP measurement.

Safety of simvastatin and goal attainment for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in sultan qaboos university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the scientific evidence of reducing cardiac events with HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors (statins) therapy in both primary and secondary preventions, these therapies continue to be underutilized in patients receiving convictional care. Simvastatin, a HMG Co-A inhibitor agent, is the most commonly used statin in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. The aim of this study is to review the safety and the effectiveness of achieving LDL-C targets with Simvastatin according to the NCEP-ATP3 guidelines in patients with different cardiovascular risk categories at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 160 patients. Patients were identified by outpatient prescriptions provided by pharmacy department from April 2008 to May 2008. RESULTS: 98% of the patients were prescribed simvastatin 20 mg and only 2% received 40 mg. The mean age of patients was 57 years +/- 12. While 49% of the patients were male and 45% had diabetes mellitus, 50% had cardiovascular disease, 2.5% were smokers, 67% were hypertensive, and 3% had positive family history of coronary artery disease. 75% of patients were classified as high risk, 7% moderate risk and 18% low risk for coronary artery disease. Among all lipid profiles, only LDL-C was changed from baseline with simvastatin treatment in all patients (3.60±1.03 to 3.25±1.34 mmol/L). LDL-C level at baseline was higher in the high risk group (4.11±1.06 mmol/L) compared to low and moderate risk groups (3.68±0.89, 3.42±1.15) respectively. Achievement of LDL-C goals was achieved in only 43% for high risk, 50% in moderate risk, and 90% in low risk patients. There was no significant increase in liver enzymes and creatinine kinase. CONCLUSION: This study identified that more than half of the high risk patients were not at the target LDL-C goals which place them at a continuous risk of coronary heart disease. More appropriate lipid lowering therapy using more potent statins or combination therapy should be optimized to improve achievement of LDL-C goals according to ATP-III guidelines.