Low-frequency technology for a lunar interferometer.

This work sketches a possible design architecture of a low-frequency radio interferometer located on the lunar surface. The design has evolved from single antenna experiments aimed at the global signal detection of the epoch of reionization (EoR) to the square kilometre array (SKA) which, when complete, will be capable of imaging the highly red-shifted H1-signal from the cosmic dawn through to the EoR. However, due to the opacity of the ionosphere below 10 MHz and the anthropogenic radio-frequency interference, these terrestrial facilities are incapable of detecting pre-ionization signals and the moon becomes an attractive location to build a low-frequency radio interferometer capable of detecting such cosmological signals. Even though there are enormous engineering challenges to overcome, having this scientific facility on the lunar surface also opens up several new exciting possibilities for low-frequency radio astronomy. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades'.

Trends of clinical outcomes in patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Canada between 2006 and 2012.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the leading cause of death for people aged <40 years. In Canada, the structure of trauma care has evolved independently across provinces during the last decade. However, little is known about the evolution of clinical outcomes. We aimed to compare trends in hospital mortality, unplanned readmission, hospital length of stay (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS for TBI between 2006 and 2012 across Canadian provinces. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicentre cohort study based on TBI admissions across Canadian level I and II trauma centres. Data were extracted from the National Trauma Registry linked to hospital discharge databases. All adults with an injury severity score ≥12 were included. Multilevel generalized linear models were used to evaluate trends in clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2012, we observed a decrease in mortality in Canada (odd ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.92-0.98) mostly driven by Ontario (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.93-0.98). We observed a significant decrease in hospital length of stay in Canada (hazard ratio [HR]: hazard of being discharged alive from hospital = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01-1.02) mostly driven by a decrease in Quebec (HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.04). We observed a decrease in ICU Length of stay only in Alberta (HR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01-1.09). No trend was observed for hospital readmissions. CONCLUSION: We observed significant decreases in mortality, hospital and ICU length of stay for TBI in Canada between 2006 and 2012 but only in certain provinces. This study may represent the first step towards a better understanding of the influence of trauma system configuration on the burden of injuries in Canada.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: 8-years' experience of microbiology.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is a life-threatening complication of pharyngeal or dental infections. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether dental or pharyngeal source result from different pathogen(s) in CNF and whether antibiotics, given before admission, influence the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens. In 152 CNF patients, Streptococcus milleri group and Prevotella species were the predominant isolates, frequently copathogens, mostly in dental CNF samples. Penicillin and clindamycin resistance were observed in 39% and 37% of cases, respectively, independently of any previous antibiotic therapy. Thus, a combined aerobe-anaerobe infection may have a synergistic effect, which allows the infection to spread in cervical tissues.

Enthalpy relaxation of gelatin in the glassy state.

The enthalpy relaxation during the ageing of gelatin in the glassy state was studied for partially crystalline or amorphous materials at different water contents and ageing temperatures. The extent and rate of this relaxation associated with physical ageing were found to increase when the shifted temperature parameter (Ta-Tg) increased. This parameter was able to account for the effects of structure and water content (through Tg) and ageing temperature (Ta).

Determination of the molecular and structural characteristics of okenia, mango, and banana starches.

Starches were isolated from nonconventional sources (banana, mango, and okenia) and their characteristics were examined using polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Banana starch granules were of an ellipsoidal shape with size between approximately 8 and 20 microm; okenia had the smallest granule size, between approximately 2 and 5 microm. The three starches showed the Maltese cross, indicative of an intact granule structure. Okenia and mango starches had the A-type X-ray diffraction pattern, common to native cereal starches, whereas banana starch showed a mixture between A- and B-type pattern. Banana starch had the highest temperature (77.6 degrees C) and enthalpy (23.4 J/g) of gelatinization in excess water conditions; okenia had the lowest temperature (71.2 degrees C) and enthalpy (15 J/g), which may be related to the X-ray diffraction pattern and its small granule size. Both the okenia and mango starches had a higher molar mass and gyration radius than banana starch, which may be related to the differences determined in their crystalline structures.

Effect of storage time on the retrogradation of banana starch extrudate.

Starch was isolated from banana starch and the retrogradation phenomenon was studied using diverse techniques, including an enzymatic measurement. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) showed that the sample stored for 7 h presented small peaks and when the storage time increased the peaks increased in intensity. The type of diffraction pattern found in banana extrudates is typical of the A-type crystal polymorph. The crystallinity index from the diffractograms, showed a plateau after approximately 20 h of storage. The short-range order measurement with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that banana starch retrogradation reached a maximum value at approximately 11 h of storage, a value that agrees with the results obtained with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), because the maximum enthalpy value (approximately 5 J/g) was calculated in the stored sample for 8 h, without changes in the stored samples for more time. Retrograded resistant starch values did not change after 12 h of storage, obtaining the maximum starch retrogradation level. FTIR, DSC, and the enzymatic technique showed the changes at the molecular level in starch during storage; in the case of WAXS, they determine the long-range order that explains the differences found in the starch retrogradation pattern measurement in banana starch.

Fitting of the beat pattern observed in NMR free-induction decay signals of concentrated carbohydrate-water solutions.

A series of mathematical functions has been used to fit the proton free-induction decays (FIDs) of concentrated carbohydrate-water samples. For the solid protons, these functions included a sinc function, as well as the Fourier transforms of single and multiple Pake functions multiplied by a Gaussian broadening. The NMR signal from the mobile protons is described by an exponential function. It is found that in most cases the sinc function gives a satisfactory result and provides valuable information about the second moment M(2) and the ratio of solid to mobile protons (f(s) / f(m)). A good indication for using the sinc function is the presence of a beat in the FID. For high temperatures this approach breaks down, and a biexponential fit is more appropriate. If a clear dipolar splitting is observable in the NMR spectra, the Pake function (or a multiple Pake fit) should be used. In this case information about M(2) and f(s) / f(m) can also be obtained.

Organisation of the external region of the starch granule as determined by infrared spectroscopy.

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to study the external regions of starch granules. Native starches (wheat, potato, maize, waxy maize and amylomaize) were analysed and compared to gelatinised and acid-hydrolysed starches. The IR spectra of potato and amylomaize starches were closer to that of highly ordered acid-hydrolysed starch than the other starches. FTIR was not able to differentiate between A- and B-type crystallinity so the difference observed between starches was not related to this factor. The variation between starch varieties was interpreted in terms of the level of ordered structure present on the edge of starch granules with potato and amylomaize being more ordered on their outer regions. This could explain the high resistance of both these starches to enzyme hydrolysis.

FTIR microspectroscopy study of composition fluctuations in extruded amylopectin-gelatin blends.

The spatial variation in the composition of nonexpanded biopolymer blends prepared by extrusion of mixtures of gelatin with either native or pregelatinized waxy maize starch was studied using a 30-microm aperture FTIR microspectroscopy technique. The ratio of the areas of the "saccharide" bands (953-1180 cm(-1)) and the amide I and II bands (1483-1750 cm(-1)) was used to monitor the relative distributions of the two components of the blend. Two calibration methods were used to obtain amylopectin concentration values from the ratios of the IR bands. The results suggested a high degree of heterogeneity in these blends, despite the thorough mixing expected by twin-screw extrusion processing. The concentration fluctuations were greater for the blends produced by extruding gelatin and native waxy maize starch mixtures. This was in agreement with the reduced degree of conversion of the starch granules when extruded in the presence of gelatin. The FTIR 2-dimensional maps obtained suggested that in the blends produced from either native or pregelatinized starch at all concentrations studied (25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 amylopectin/gelatin) the gelatin constituted the continuous phase. The effect of the spatial resolution on the FTIR microspectroscopy results was considered and the proposed interpretation was verified by the use of polarized light microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy acquired at higher spatial resolution (10 microm).

The retrogradation of waxy maize starch extrudates: effects of storage temperature and water content.

The effects of water content and storage temperature on the kinetics of the retrogradation of nonexpanded waxy maize starch extrudates were studied using (1)H pulsed NMR and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The increase in crystallinity observed by XRD was accompanied by a decrease in the relaxation times of the solid-like component of the NMR free induction and the spin-echo decays, and an increase in the contribution of the solid-like component to the total signal. The dependence of the rate of starch retrogradation on the storage temperature showed the typical "bell-shaped" behavior, which was successfully modeled using the Lauritzen-Hoffman theory of crystallization of chain-folded polymers. This theory was extended to model the effect of water content on the rate of isothermal crystallization by exploiting the ten-Brinke and Karasz, and the Flory equations to describe the dependence of the glass-transition and the melting temperatures on water content.