ABSTRACT
Saimiri are neotropical primates with seasonal reproduction, males develop a seasonal fattening condition that has been suggested as a pre-copulatory sexual selection strategy. Furthermore, females mate with multiple males in the same season. This could also favor the evolution of a postcopulatory sexual strategy by sperm competition. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the fatted condition and advantageous seminal characteristics in Saimiri collinsi and evaluated its implications for sperm competition. Adult males (N = 10), aged 5-15 years, housed in mixed or only-male groups, were analyzed from June, 2015 to July, 2016. Measurements of weight, axilla, and arm skinfold, and testicular volume were taken monthly, and semen was collected by electroejaculation. A fattening index was developed to quantify and identify fatted males, biometrics, and seminal parameters were compared between the non-fatted and fatted conditions. The fatted males present a larger testicular volume. This is related to the increase in spermatogenic activity necessary to sustain a high ejaculation frequency during the mating season. An increase in seminal volume and in frequency of semen coagulation were detected in fatted males, advantages related to sperm protection in the female reproductive tract. Age and social context were not significant sources of variation for both morphological and seminal traits. A decrease in response from the fatted males in obtaining semen and an increase in the frequency of azoospermic ejaculates were observed. These unexpected results may be due to intense reproductive activities in a short period. The fattening phenomenon has many implications in the sexual selection of squirrel monkeys, and they are still not entirely unveiled. Our results corroborate the idea that, in S. collinsi, the fatted male condition is related to sexual selection, and we found evidence suggesting it may be also expressed by a post-copulatory component, sperm competition.
Subject(s)
Spermatozoa , Testis , Animals , Female , Male , Reproduction , Saimiri/physiology , Seasons , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Spermatozoa/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: One of the strategies to preserve genetic material from nonhuman primates (NHP) consists in the implementation of germplasm banks, for future application in reproductive biotechniques, as well as for biomedical research. Based on the success rates achieved in human, there is a prominent possibility to succeed also with NHP. However, studies with NHP are still scarce, especially regarding the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.Review: Neotropical non-human primates, especially males, have been used in research related to reproductive biotechniques in Brazil. Regarding research on female reproduction and ovarian tissue preservation, most studies were performed using domestic animals as models. Current concepts and controversies in the restoration of gametes in adult females does not exclude the needs to preserve ovarian tissue. Importantly, ovarian tissue can be collected and preserved even after the death of the donors, being applied when finding dead females. Furthermore, collection of ovarian biopsies is also feasible and will not affect reproductive function. Among the cryopreservation methods, the vitrification has been indicated due to practical logistic, as well as because it will avoid the formation of large intracellular ice crystals, and it is claimed that ovarian stromal damage will be decreased under vitrification. Considering the number of threatened prim
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the strategies to preserve genetic material from nonhuman primates (NHP) consists in the implementation of germplasm banks, for future application in reproductive biotechniques, as well as for biomedical research. Based on the success rates achieved in human, there is a prominent possibility to succeed also with NHP. However, studies with NHP are still scarce, especially regarding the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.Review: Neotropical non-human primates, especially males, have been used in research related to reproductive biotechniques in Brazil. Regarding research on female reproduction and ovarian tissue preservation, most studies were performed using domestic animals as models. Current concepts and controversies in the restoration of gametes in adult females does not exclude the needs to preserve ovarian tissue. Importantly, ovarian tissue can be collected and preserved even after the death of the donors, being applied when finding dead females. Furthermore, collection of ovarian biopsies is also feasible and will not affect reproductive function. Among the cryopreservation methods, the vitrification has been indicated due to practical logistic, as well as because it will avoid the formation of large intracellular ice crystals, and it is claimed that ovarian stromal damage will be decreased under vitrification. Considering the number of threatened prim
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the strategies to preserve genetic material from nonhuman primates (NHP) consists in the implementation of germplasm banks, for future application in reproductive biotechniques, as well as for biomedical research. Based on the success rates achieved in human, there is a prominent possibility to succeed also with NHP. However, studies with NHP are still scarce, especially regarding the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.Review: Neotropical non-human primates, especially males, have been used in research related to reproductive biotechniques in Brazil. Regarding research on female reproduction and ovarian tissue preservation, most studies were performed using domestic animals as models. Current concepts and controversies in the restoration of gametes in adult females does not exclude the needs to preserve ovarian tissue. Importantly, ovarian tissue can be collected and preserved even after the death of the donors, being applied when finding dead females. Furthermore, collection of ovarian biopsies is also feasible and will not affect reproductive function. Among the cryopreservation methods, the vitrification has been indicated due to practical logistic, as well as because it will avoid the formation of large intracellular ice crystals, and it is claimed that ovarian stromal damage will be decreased under vitrification. Considering the number of threatened prim
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the strategies to preserve genetic material from nonhuman primates (NHP) consists in the implementation of germplasm banks, for future application in reproductive biotechniques, as well as for biomedical research. Based on the success rates achieved in human, there is a prominent possibility to succeed also with NHP. However, studies with NHP are still scarce, especially regarding the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.Review: Neotropical non-human primates, especially males, have been used in research related to reproductive biotechniques in Brazil. Regarding research on female reproduction and ovarian tissue preservation, most studies were performed using domestic animals as models. Current concepts and controversies in the restoration of gametes in adult females does not exclude the needs to preserve ovarian tissue. Importantly, ovarian tissue can be collected and preserved even after the death of the donors, being applied when finding dead females. Furthermore, collection of ovarian biopsies is also feasible and will not affect reproductive function. Among the cryopreservation methods, the vitrification has been indicated due to practical logistic, as well as because it will avoid the formation of large intracellular ice crystals, and it is claimed that ovarian stromal damage will be decreased under vitrification. Considering the number of threatened prim
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the strategies to preserve genetic material from nonhuman primates (NHP) consists in the implementation of germplasm banks, for future application in reproductive biotechniques, as well as for biomedical research. Based on the success rates achieved in human, there is a prominent possibility to succeed also with NHP. However, studies with NHP are still scarce, especially regarding the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.Review: Neotropical non-human primates, especially males, have been used in research related to reproductive biotechniques in Brazil. Regarding research on female reproduction and ovarian tissue preservation, most studies were performed using domestic animals as models. Current concepts and controversies in the restoration of gametes in adult females does not exclude the needs to preserve ovarian tissue. Importantly, ovarian tissue can be collected and preserved even after the death of the donors, being applied when finding dead females. Furthermore, collection of ovarian biopsies is also feasible and will not affect reproductive function. Among the cryopreservation methods, the vitrification has been indicated due to practical logistic, as well as because it will avoid the formation of large intracellular ice crystals, and it is claimed that ovarian stromal damage will be decreased under vitrification. Considering the number of threatened prim
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the powdered coconut water (PCW) in the semen conservation and seminal clot liquefaction. The semen of six adult male Cebus apella was collected by electroejaculation (EEJ), diluted in ACP-118® extender and stayed in water bath at 33, 35 and 37°C for 24 hours. The sperm integrity was evaluated by eosin-nigrosine staining every one hour during the six initial hours and after 24 hours of incubation. The average volumes and sperm concentrations of clotted and liquid fractions were 0.20±0.02 and 0.20±0.10mL, 1.1±0.3x108 and 1.3±0.9x107 sperm mL-1, respectively. Immediately after collection, only in a sample of liquid fraction was observed 20% motility and vigor 4, which stopped after 40 minutes. Most of the clot was liquefied in ACP-118® after 12 hours of incubation. The best observed treatment was 33°C, because it kept 47±12.8% of sperm integrity after 24 hours. It was concluded that the PCW extender is effective in the liquefaction of seminal clot and maintenance of sperm viability 24 hours after the EEJ at 33, 35 and 37°C.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a água de coco em pó (ACP) na conservação do sêmen e liquefação do coágulo seminal de Cebus apella. O sêmen de seis machos adultos foi coletado por eletroejaculação (EEJ), diluído em solução à base de ACP-118® e submetido à incubação em banho-maria a 33, 35 e 37°C, por 24 horas. Avaliou-se a integridade espermática por meio da coloração eosina-nigrosina a cada uma hora durante as seis horas iniciais e após 24 horas de incubação. Os volumes médios e as concentrações espermáticas das frações coagulada e líquida foram de 0,20±0,02 e 0,20±0,10mL; 1,1±0,3x10(8) e 1,3±0,9x10(7) espermatozoides mL-1, respectivamente. Somente em uma amostra da fração líquida foram verificados espermatozoides com motilidade (20%) e vigor (4), perdurando por 40 minutos. A maior parte do coágulo liquefez em ACP-118® após 12 horas de incubação. O melhor tratamento observado foi sob 33°C, por manter até 47±12,8% de espermatozoides vivos após 24 horas. Conclui-se que o diluente à base de ACP é eficiente na liquefação do coágulo seminal e na manutenção da integridade espermática até 24 horas após a EEJ, nas temperaturas de 33, 35 e 37°C.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the powdered coconut water (PCW) in the semen conservation and seminal clot liquefaction. The semen of six adult male Cebus apella was collected by electroejaculation (EEJ), diluted in ACP-118® extender and stayed in water bath at 33, 35 and 37°C for 24 hours. The sperm integrity was evaluated by eosin-nigrosine staining every one hour during the six initial hours and after 24 hours of incubation. The average volumes and sperm concentrations of clotted and liquid fractions were 0.20±0.02 and 0.20±0.10mL, 1.1±0.3x108 and 1.3±0.9x107 sperm mL-1, respectively. Immediately after collection, only in a sample of liquid fraction was observed 20% motility and vigor 4, which stopped after 40 minutes. Most of the clot was liquefied in ACP-118® after 12 hours of incubation. The best observed treatment was 33°C, because it kept 47±12.8% of sperm integrity after 24 hours. It was concluded that the PCW extender is effective in the liquefaction of seminal clot and maintenance of sperm viability 24 hours after the EEJ at 33, 35 and 37°C.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a água de coco em pó (ACP) na conservação do sêmen e liquefação do coágulo seminal de Cebus apella. O sêmen de seis machos adultos foi coletado por eletroejaculação (EEJ), diluído em solução à base de ACP-118® e submetido à incubação em banho-maria a 33, 35 e 37°C, por 24 horas. Avaliou-se a integridade espermática por meio da coloração eosina-nigrosina a cada uma hora durante as seis horas iniciais e após 24 horas de incubação. Os volumes médios e as concentrações espermáticas das frações coagulada e líquida foram de 0,20±0,02 e 0,20±0,10mL; 1,1±0,3x10(8) e 1,3±0,9x10(7) espermatozoides mL-1, respectivamente. Somente em uma amostra da fração líquida foram verificados espermatozoides com motilidade (20%) e vigor (4), perdurando por 40 minutos. A maior parte do coágulo liquefez em ACP-118® após 12 horas de incubação. O melhor tratamento observado foi sob 33°C, por manter até 47±12,8% de espermatozoides vivos após 24 horas. Conclui-se que o diluente à base de ACP é eficiente na liquefação do coágulo seminal e na manutenção da integridade espermática até 24 horas após a EEJ, nas temperaturas de 33, 35 e 37°C.
ABSTRACT
The aim this study was to evaluate the efficiency of in natura coconut water solution at 37º C as seminal extender. Were analyzed fifteen ejaculates collected from 5 adult Cebus apella by electroejaculation. The means volumes of liquid and coagulated fractions were 0.26 + 0.06 mL and 0.98 + 0.02 mL, respectively. The sperm concentration in the liquid fraction (2.1 x 108 + 0.5 108 mL) was lower than liquefied fraction (1.6 x 109+ 0.9 109 mL) (p = 0.05). The mean percentage of live spermatozoa after 7 hours incubated at 37 C was 72 + 3%. Only in one sample was observed sperm motility (20%) and vigor (2). The results suggest that electroejaculation protocol using 100mA maximum amperage is efficient to obtain semen from adult Cebus apella. The coconut water extender can be used to maintain sperm viability for up to 7 hours at 37 C. However, studies are necessary to evaluate the sperm functionality extended in natura coconut water based solution.KEY WORDS: Cebus apella, electroejaculation water, extender, semen.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de um diluidor de sêmen à base de água de coco in natura a 37 C na dissolução da fração coagulada e conservação do sêmen de macacos-prego. Analisaram-se quinze ejaculados colhidos de cinco (n=5) machos adultos de Cebus apella através de eletroejaculação. Os volumes médios das frações líquida e coagulada foram 0,26 + 0,06 mL e 0,98 + 0,02 mL, respectivamente. A fração líquida apresentou baixa concentração média de espermatozoides (210. 106 + 50 106 mL) em relação à fração coagulada (1600. 106+ 900 106 mL) (p ? 0,05). O percentual médio de espermatozoides vivos após sete horas de incubação a 37C foi 72 + 3%. Em apenas uma amostra observaram-se 20% de motilidade e vigor 2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de eletroejaculação utilizando amperagem máxima de 100 mA é eficaz para a obtenção de sêmen de Cebus apella e que o diluidor à base de água de coco pode ser utilizado para manter a viabilidade dos espermatozoides a 37 C por até sete horas. Contudo, são necessários testes adicionais para avaliar a funcionalidade desses espermatozoides após a diluição do sêmen em água de coco in natura. Palavras chave: Água de coco, Cebus apella, diluidor, eletroejaculação, sêmen.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of hepatic artery (HA) by Triplex Doppler in health adult dogs on pre and postprandial periods. The experimental group was formed by 14 mongrel dogs, 9 females and five males, weighing 6-19 kg and 4-16 kg, respectively. The animals were previously prepared, remaining 24 hours of starvation, and feeding with milk or pellet show food to perform posprandial analysis. The ultrasound PHILIPS HDI 4000 equipped with a micro convex transducer (5-8MHz) was used. The RI and PI measurements of HA were performed on tree times: T0 (pre-prandial period), T1 (30 minutes postprandial) and T2 (90 minutes postprandial). There are no statistical differences between T0 and T2 when compared RI and PI of HA. However, both indices were significantly diminished on T1 in relation with T0 and T2, which represents an increase of AH blood flow 30 min postprandial. The employment of HA Triplex Doppler improves the blood flow evaluation pre and posprandial and can be one important technique to establish comparative parameter to distinguish between hepatic metabolic homeostasis from different physiopathologics states. KEY WORDS: Dogs, hepatic artery, pulsatility index, resistivity index, ultrasound.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio do triplex doppler as variações dos índices de resistividade (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP) da artéria hepática (AH) de cães adultos saudáveis em períodos pré e pós-prandiais. O grupo amostral foi composto por quatorze cães sem raça definida, sendo nove fêmeas e cinco machos com peso entre seis e dezenove quilos e quatro e dezesseis quilos, respectivamente. Previamente aos exames ultrassonográficos, os animais foram submetidos a 24 horas de jejum e, para os exames pós-prandiais, foram alimentados com leite ou ração comercial. Utilizou-se o ultrassom Philips HDI 4000, munido de um transdutor microconvexo (5-8MHz). Dividiram-se as mensurações dos IR e IP da AH em três tempos: T0 (período pré-prandial), T1 (trinta minutos pós-prandial) e T2 (noventa minutos pós-prandial). Não houve diferença estatística quando comparadas as médias de IR e IP da AH entre T0 e T2. No entanto, ambos os índices foram significativamente menores no T1 quando comparado com os outros períodos de análise, comprovando aumento de fluxo sanguíneo na AH trinta minutos pós-prandial. O uso do triplex doppler da AH possibilitou mensurações do fluxo sanguíneo pré e pós-prandial, sendo uma técnica importante para estabelecer parâmetros comparativos entre homeostasia metabólica e diferentes estados fisiopatológicos hepáticos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Artéria hepática, cães, índice de
ABSTRACT
The aim this study was to evaluate the efficiency of in natura coconut water solution at 37º C as seminal extender. Were analyzed fifteen ejaculates collected from 5 adult Cebus apella by electroejaculation. The means volumes of liquid and coagulated fractions were 0.26 + 0.06 mL and 0.98 + 0.02 mL, respectively. The sperm concentration in the liquid fraction (2.1 x 108 + 0.5 108 mL) was lower than liquefied fraction (1.6 x 109+ 0.9 109 mL) (p = 0.05). The mean percentage of live spermatozoa after 7 hours incubated at 37 C was 72 + 3%. Only in one sample was observed sperm motility (20%) and vigor (2). The results suggest that electroejaculation protocol using 100mA maximum amperage is efficient to obtain semen from adult Cebus apella. The coconut water extender can be used to maintain sperm viability for up to 7 hours at 37 C. However, studies are necessary to evaluate the sperm functionality extended in natura coconut water based solution.KEY WORDS: Cebus apella, electroejaculation water, extender, semen.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de um diluidor de sêmen à base de água de coco in natura a 37 C na dissolução da fração coagulada e conservação do sêmen de macacos-prego. Analisaram-se quinze ejaculados colhidos de cinco (n=5) machos adultos de Cebus apella através de eletroejaculação. Os volumes médios das frações líquida e coagulada foram 0,26 + 0,06 mL e 0,98 + 0,02 mL, respectivamente. A fração líquida apresentou baixa concentração média de espermatozoides (210. 106 + 50 106 mL) em relação à fração coagulada (1600. 106+ 900 106 mL) (p ? 0,05). O percentual médio de espermatozoides vivos após sete horas de incubação a 37C foi 72 + 3%. Em apenas uma amostra observaram-se 20% de motilidade e vigor 2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de eletroejaculação utilizando amperagem máxima de 100 mA é eficaz para a obtenção de sêmen de Cebus apella e que o diluidor à base de água de coco pode ser utilizado para manter a viabilidade dos espermatozoides a 37 C por até sete horas. Contudo, são necessários testes adicionais para avaliar a funcionalidade desses espermatozoides após a diluição do sêmen em água de coco in natura. Palavras chave: Água de coco, Cebus apella, diluidor, eletroejaculação, sêmen.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of hepatic artery (HA) by Triplex Doppler in health adult dogs on pre and postprandial periods. The experimental group was formed by 14 mongrel dogs, 9 females and five males, weighing 6-19 kg and 4-16 kg, respectively. The animals were previously prepared, remaining 24 hours of starvation, and feeding with milk or pellet show food to perform posprandial analysis. The ultrasound PHILIPS HDI 4000 equipped with a micro convex transducer (5-8MHz) was used. The RI and PI measurements of HA were performed on tree times: T0 (pre-prandial period), T1 (30 minutes postprandial) and T2 (90 minutes postprandial). There are no statistical differences between T0 and T2 when compared RI and PI of HA. However, both indices were significantly diminished on T1 in relation with T0 and T2, which represents an increase of AH blood flow 30 min postprandial. The employment of HA Triplex Doppler improves the blood flow evaluation pre and posprandial and can be one important technique to establish comparative parameter to distinguish between hepatic metabolic homeostasis from different physiopathologics states. KEY WORDS: Dogs, hepatic artery, pulsatility index, resistivity index, ultrasound.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio do triplex doppler as variações dos índices de resistividade (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP) da artéria hepática (AH) de cães adultos saudáveis em períodos pré e pós-prandiais. O grupo amostral foi composto por quatorze cães sem raça definida, sendo nove fêmeas e cinco machos com peso entre seis e dezenove quilos e quatro e dezesseis quilos, respectivamente. Previamente aos exames ultrassonográficos, os animais foram submetidos a 24 horas de jejum e, para os exames pós-prandiais, foram alimentados com leite ou ração comercial. Utilizou-se o ultrassom Philips HDI 4000, munido de um transdutor microconvexo (5-8MHz). Dividiram-se as mensurações dos IR e IP da AH em três tempos: T0 (período pré-prandial), T1 (trinta minutos pós-prandial) e T2 (noventa minutos pós-prandial). Não houve diferença estatística quando comparadas as médias de IR e IP da AH entre T0 e T2. No entanto, ambos os índices foram significativamente menores no T1 quando comparado com os outros períodos de análise, comprovando aumento de fluxo sanguíneo na AH trinta minutos pós-prandial. O uso do triplex doppler da AH possibilitou mensurações do fluxo sanguíneo pré e pós-prandial, sendo uma técnica importante para estabelecer parâmetros comparativos entre homeostasia metabólica e diferentes estados fisiopatológicos hepáticos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Artéria hepática, cães, índice de
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to obtain quanti-qualitative data about the follicular ovarian population in Cebus apella females. Seven ovaries were obtained from 4 C. apella adult females. The ovaries were subjected to light microscopy. The number of preantral and antral follicles for each ovary was estimated using the Fractionator method. The preantral follicles were classified into primordial, transitional, primary and secondary follicles. Antral follicles were those that presented an antral cavity. All counted follicles were classified as normal or degenerated. The diameter of the follicles, oocytes and their nuclei were determined to accompany the follicular development. All results were represented as mean ± SE. The number of preantral follicles was 56,938 ± 21,888 and 49,133 ± 26,896 for the right and left ovaries, respectively. The percentage of normal follicles was 80 ± 4.95%. The follicular diameter ranged from 22 ± 0.5 µm to 61.2 ± 4.0 µm. Regarding the antral follicles, the number of normal and degenerate follicles per ovary were 60.0 ± 19.0 and 3 ± 1.8 follicles, respectively. The antral follicular diameter was 514.4 + 56.6 µm. In conclusion, the information obtained in this study can be used as a parameter for subsequent in vivo or in vitro studies about folliculogenesis in non-human neotropical primates of the C. apella species.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter dados quantitativos e qualitativos da população folicular ovariana de fêmeas de Cebus apella. Foram obtidos 7 ovários de 4 fêmeas adultas de C. apella através de ovariectomia. Os ovários foram submetidos à preparação para histologia ótica de rotina. O número de folículos pré-antrais e antrais por ovário foi estimado utilizando o Método Fracionador. Os folículos pré-antrais foram classificados em primordial, transição, primário e secundário. Foram considerados folículos antrais todos aqueles que apresentavam uma cavidade antral. Todos os folículos contados foram classificados em normais ou degenerados. Com o intuito de acompanhar o desenvolvimento folicular, os diâmetros médios folicular, oocitário e do núcleo do oócito foram determinados. Todos os resultados foram apresentados em Média ± Erro Padrão. A população média de folículos pré-antrais foi de 56.938 ± 21.888 e 49.133 ± 26.896 para os ovários direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A percentagem de folículos pré-antrais estimados normais foi de 80,00 ± 4,95 %. O diâmetro médio folicular variou de 22,0 ± 0,5 µm a 61,2 ± 4,0 µm. No tocante aos folículos antrais, a população média de folículos normais e degenerados por ovário foi de 60,0 ± 19,0 e 3 ± 1,8 folículos, respectivamente. O diâmetro médio folicular foi de 514,4 ± 56,6 µm. Para concluir, as informações obtidas neste trabalho poderão servir como parâmetro para posteriores estudos in vivo ou in vitro da foliculogênese de primatas não-humanos neotropicais da espécie C. apella.