The influence of psychoeducation on regulating biological rhythm in a sample of patients with bipolar II disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Changes in biological rhythm are among the various characteristics of bipolar disorder, and have long been associated with the functional impairment of the disease. There are only a few viable options of psychosocial interventions that deal with this specific topic; one of them is psychoeducation, a model that, although it has been used by practitioners for some time, only recently have studies shown its efficacy in clinical practice. AIM: To assess if patients undergoing psychosocial intervention in addition to a pharmacological treatment have better regulation of their biological rhythm than those only using medication. METHOD: This study is a randomized clinical trial that compares a standard medication intervention to an intervention combined with drugs and psychoeducation. The evaluation of the biological rhythm was made using the Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, an 18-item scale divided in four areas (sleep, activity, social rhythm, and eating pattern). The combined intervention consisted of medication and a short-term psychoeducation model summarized in a protocol of six individual sessions of 1 hour each. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 61 patients with bipolar II disorder, but during the study, there were 14 losses to follow-up. Therefore, the final sample consisted of 45 individuals (26 for standard intervention and 19 for combined). The results showed that, in this sample and time period evaluated, the combined treatment of medication and psychoeducation had no statistically significant impact on the regulation of biological rhythm when compared to standard pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION: Although the changes in biological rhythm were not statistically significant during the time period evaluated in this study, it is noteworthy that the trajectory of the score showed a trend towards improvement, which may indicate a positive impact on treatment, though it may take a longer time than expected.

[Prevalence and factors associated with behavioral disorders in adolescents: a population-based study]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta entre adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional.

This study proposed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral disorders and associated factors in adolescents (11-15 years), using a cross-sectional design (n = 1,145). Subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire. Behavioral disorder was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study analyzed disorders in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status, schooling, failure in school, religion, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, drug use, depression, and bullying (as victim). Ordinal regression was used for the statistical analysis, with a hierarchical model for the outcome. An estimated 29.2% of the sample presented behavioral disorders. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for a male adolescent to present one additional point on the behavioral disorder scale was 2.04 (95%CI: 1.53-2.71). Alcohol consumption, drug use, and suffering bullying were associated with higher scores on the behavioral disorder scale. The findings also showed that the factors associated with behavioral disorder showed a strong interrelationship between health behaviors in adolescence.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta entre adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional / Prevalence and factors associated with behavioral disorders in adolescents: a population-based study

Este trabalho procurou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta em adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 15 anos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 1.145 adolescentes na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os adolescentes responderam a um questionário auto-aplicado. O transtorno da conduta foi avaliado através do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Foi investigada a associação desta psicopatologia com sexo, idade, nível sócio-econômico, escolaridade do adolescente, reprovação na escola, religião, sedentarismo, consumo de álcool, tabagismo, uso de drogas, depressão e sofrer bullying. A regressão ordinal foi usada para a análise estatística. Estima-se que, entre os entrevistados, 29,2 por cento tenham transtorno da conduta. Na análise multivariada, a chance de um adolescente apresentar um ponto a mais na escala que avalia transtorno da conduta foi 2,04 (IC95 por cento: 1,53-2,71) vezes maior no sexo masculino. O consumo de bebida alcoólica, o uso de drogas e sofrer bullying estiveram associados com maior pontuação na escala de transtornos de conduta. Os resultados também mostraram que os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta apontam para a forte interrelação entre comportamentos de saúde na adolescência.

This study proposed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral disorders and associated factors in adolescents (11-15 years), using a cross-sectional design (n = 1,145). Subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire. Behavioral disorder was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study analyzed disorders in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status, schooling, failure in school, religion, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, drug use, depression, and bullying (as victim). Ordinal regression was used for the statistical analysis, with a hierarchical model for the outcome. An estimated 29.2 percent of the sample presented behavioral disorders. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for a male adolescent to present one additional point on the behavioral disorder scale was 2.04 (95 percentCI: 1.53-2.71). Alcohol consumption, drug use, and suffering bullying were associated with higher scores on the behavioral disorder scale. The findings also showed that the factors associated with behavioral disorder showed a strong interrelationship between health behaviors in adolescence.

Iniciação sexual entre adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul / Sexual initiation among adolescents of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a idade de início das atividades sexuais e fatores associados em adolescentes. Realizou-se estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos residentes na cidade de Pelotas. Sortearam-se, aleatoriamente, 90 setores a partir de 448 setores censitários, em cada setor foram visitados 86 domicílios. Os adolescentes respondiam a um questionário auto-aplicado e anônimo contendo questões sobre nível socioeconômico, sexo, escolaridade do adolescente e dos pais, idade, religião, morar com os pais, trabalho remunerado, uso de drogas, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e comportamento sexual. A iniciação sexual foi avaliada através da idade da primeira relação. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi calculada usando-se tabelas de sobrevida, e as medianas foram comparadas através do long rank teste e na análise multivariada utilizou-se a regressão de Cox. Foram entrevistados 960 adolescentes. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi de 16,7 anos. O risco de ter iniciação sexual em uma idade mais jovem foi maior entre os homens, assim como naqueles adolescentes que não residem com a mãe ou com o pai. O mesmo ocorreu com os jovens que não possuem trabalho remunerado, não praticam sua religiosidade, consumiram bebida alcoólica ou tabaco no último mês e carregaram arma nos últimos 12 meses. A idade da primeira relação sexual foi menor entre os adolescentes fumantes e consumidores de maconha, cocaína ou bebidas alcoólicas. A iniciação sexual é menor entre os adolescentes usuários de tabaco ou outras substâncias psicoativas, o que sugere que os comportamentos em saúde estão inter-relacionados.

This study aims to evaluate the age of the onset of sexual activities and associated factors in adolescents. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of adolescents between 15 and 18 years old, living in the city of Pelotas. Ninety tracts were randomly drawn from 448 census tracts, and in each tract 86 households were visited. The adolescents answered a self-reported and anonymous questionnaire containing questions about socioeconomic level, sex, adolescent's and parents' education, age, religion, living with parents, paid work, use of drugs, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and sexual behavior. Sexual initiation was evaluated through the age of the first intercourse. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was calculated using survival tables, and the medians were compared through the long rank test. In the multivariate analysis, Cox regression was used. In the study, 960 adolescents were interviewed. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was 16.7 years. The risk of having sexual initiation in a younger age was larger among men, as well as in those adolescents who do not live with mother/father. The same happened with the youths that do not have paid jobs, those who do not practice their religiosity, those who consumed alcoholic beverages or used tobacco in the last month and those who carried a weapon in the last 12 months. The age of the first sexual intercourse was lower among adolescents who used tobacco, marijuana or cocaine in the last 12 months, as well as among those who drank alcoholic beverages in the same period. The association between sexual initiation and tobacco or other psychoactive substances suggests that these health behaviors are interrelated.

Depressão pós-parto: gravidade dos sintomas e aliança terapêutica / Postpartum depression: symptom severity and therapeutic alliance

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da gravidade dos sintomas de mulheres com depressão pós-parto no estabelecimento da Aliança Terapêutica (AT). O estudo fez parte de um ensaio clínico, que avaliou a efetividade de modelos psicoterapêuticos no tratamento da depressão pós-parto. Para avaliar a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos aplicou-se o Inventário Beck de Depressão(BDI). O Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) foi utilizado para a AT, nas versões Paciente (WAI-C) e Terapeuta (WAI-T). Utilizou-se a análise por correlação e qui-quadrado. Houve Associação entre as variáveis na fase intermediária do tratamento, contudo esta foi insuficiente para indicar que a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos influencia na formação de aliança.

The study aims to assess the impact of symptom severity on the development of the allianca in women with postpartum depression. This study is part of a randomised controlled trial that investigated the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the treatment of postpartum depression. To assess depressive symptom severity , the Beck Depression Inventory was employed. The client and therapist forms of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) were usede to evaluate the therapeutic alliance. Data was analyzde with correlations and chi-square tests. The association of the investigated variables during the intermediary phase of the treatment was insufficient to indicate that depressive symptom severity had influence on the development of the therapeutic alliance.

Depressão pós-parto: gravidade dos sintomas e aliança terapêutica / Postpartum depression: symptom severity and therapeutic alliance

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da gravidade dos sintomas de mulheres com depressão pós-parto no estabelecimento da Aliança Terapêutica (AT). O estudo fez parte de um ensaio clínico, que avaliou a efetividade de modelos psicoterapêuticos no tratamento da depressão pós-parto. Para avaliar a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos aplicou-se o Inventário Beck de Depressão(BDI). O Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) foi utilizado para a AT, nas versões Paciente (WAI-C) e Terapeuta (WAI-T). Utilizou-se a análise por correlação e qui-quadrado. Houve Associação entre as variáveis na fase intermediária do tratamento, contudo esta foi insuficiente para indicar que a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos influencia na formação de aliança.(AU)

The study aims to assess the impact of symptom severity on the development of the allianca in women with postpartum depression. This study is part of a randomised controlled trial that investigated the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the treatment of postpartum depression. To assess depressive symptom severity , the Beck Depression Inventory was employed. The client and therapist forms of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) were usede to evaluate the therapeutic alliance. Data was analyzde with correlations and chi-square tests. The association of the investigated variables during the intermediary phase of the treatment was insufficient to indicate that depressive symptom severity had influence on the development of the therapeutic alliance.(AU)

Sintomatologia depressiva em adolescentes iniciais: estudo de base populacional / Depressive symptomatology in early adolescents – population-based study

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva em adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos em Pelotas, RS, e identificar seus fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de adolescentes da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Dos 448 setores censitários existentes no município, 79 foram aleatoriamente sorteados. Os jovens entre 11 e 15 anos localizados nestes setores foram convidados a responder o questionário auto-aplicado que continha perguntas sobre: idade, sexo, vida escolar, religião, atividades físicas, entretenimento, tabaco, consumo de álcool, uso de outras drogas, relacionamentos sexuais e conduta. Além disso, a sintomatologia depressiva dos adolescentes foi avaliada por meio da escala Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), também presente no instrumento de pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de depressão foi de 2,1%. Após a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico, estiveram significativamente associados à depressão: baixa condição socioeconômica, histórico de fracasso acadêmico, ausência de prática religiosa, abuso de álcool nos últimos 30 dias e indicativo de transtorno de conduta. CONCLUSÃO: É evidenciada a necessidade de programas preventivos e integrados de política na adolescência para depressão e comportamentos de risco à saúde.

AIM: Verify the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in adolescents aged between 11 and 15 in Pelotas, RS, and identify its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional base-populational study with a representative sample of adolescents of urban area of Pelotas, RS. Among the 448 census tracts in the urban area of Pelotas, 79 were randomly selected. Youths between 11 and 15 years answered a confidential self-report questionnaire on issues such as: age, gender, school life, religion, physical activities, entertainment, tobacco, and alcohol consumption, use of other drugs, sexual relationship and conduct. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to quantify the depressive symptomatology. Logistic regression was used in the data analysis, which followed a hierarchical model. RESULTS: Prevalence for high depressive symptomatology was 2.1%. After a logistic regression adjusts to a hierarchical model, it was statistically significant associated to: low social economic condition, history of poor academic performance, absence of religious practice, abuse of alcohol in the previous month and indications of conduct disorders. CONCLUSION: It is evidenced the need of preventive and integrative policy programs in adolescence for depression and health risk behaviors.

Impact of defense style on brief psychotherapy of postpartum depression.

In this study, we evaluated the impact of defense style (DS) on outcome and its relation to the therapeutic alliance. Women with postpartum depression were allocated to a brief psychotherapeutic intervention. To evaluate DS and the therapeutic alliance, the Defense Style Questionnaire and the Working Alliance Inventory were employed. The main outcome was the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score at end point; anxiety and retention in treatment were also evaluated. Fifty-nine patients were included; 46 completed the therapy and 65.4% responded (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score <10). Intense use of immature defenses was related to persistence of depression and anxiety symptoms at end point, even when controlled for potential confounders. Results tended to confirm a hierarchy of DSs independently of the alliance. Clinicians should be aware of possible differential responses to brief psychotherapies related to DS.

[Psychological well-being and adolescence: associated factors]. / Bem-estar psicológico e adolescência: fatores associados.

This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with psychological well-being among adolescents in a southern Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample (n = 960) of adolescents (15-18 years). Eighty-six households were visited in each of the 90 randomized census tracts. Parents signed a written consent form before the adolescent answered a self-reported questionnaire. Psychological well-being was evaluated with a scale containing seven figures representing expressions varying from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Adolescents were asked to mark the figure that best resembled the way they felt about their lives, and 72.33% reported a high level of psychological well-being. Prevalence of psychological well-being was higher in families with better economic status and higher maternal schooling. Adolescents who practiced a religion, did not smoke or consume alcohol, and wished to lose weight showed a higher level of psychological well-being, suggesting an interrelationship between health behaviors.

Bem-estar psicológico e adolescência: fatores associados / Psychological well-being and adolescence: associated factors

Esse trabalho procurou avaliar os fatores associados ao bem-estar psicológico em adolescentes realizando um estudo transversal com amostra representativa (n = 960) com idades entre 15 e 18 anos. Foram visitados 86 domicílios em cada um dos 90 setores censitários sorteados. Um consentimento informado era assinado pelos pais ou responsáveis pelo adolescente antes que ele respondesse a um questionário auto-aplicado. O bem-estar psicológico foi avaliado através de uma escala que continha sete figuras que representavam expressões variando de extrema felicidade até extrema tristeza. O adolescente era solicitado a assinalar aquela figura que mais se assemelhava à maneira como se sentia a respeito da sua vida. Entre os entrevistados 72,33 por cento se consideravam com alto nível de bem-estar psicológico, a prevalência foi maior nas famílias de maior nível sócio-econômico (classe social A ou B) e com maior escolaridade materna. Os resultados também mostraram que pessoas que mantém uma prática religiosa, não fumam, não consomem bebidas alcoólicas e que desejam emagrecer tem maior bem-estar psicológico, sugerindo uma inter-relação entre os comportamentos de saúde.

This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with psychological well-being among adolescents in a southern Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample (n = 960) of adolescents (15-18 years). Eighty-six households were visited in each of the 90 randomized census tracts. Parents signed a written consent form before the adolescent answered a self-reported questionnaire. Psychological well-being was evaluated with a scale containing seven figures representing expressions varying from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Adolescents were asked to mark the figure that best resembled the way they felt about their lives, and 72.33 percent reported a high level of psychological well-being. Prevalence of psychological well-being was higher in families with better economic status and higher maternal schooling. Adolescents who practiced a religion, did not smoke or consume alcohol, and wished to lose weight showed a higher level of psychological well-being, suggesting an interrelationship between health behaviors.

Dispepsia funcional e depressão como fator associado / Functional dyspepsia and depression as an associated factor

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre depressão e dispepsia funcional. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal onde foram avaliados 348 pacientes com diagnóstico de dispepsia no Ambulatório de Gastroenterologia do Hospital Universitário de Pelotas, RS, cidade de médio porte do sul do Brasil, durante o período de 1 ano (de março de 2001 a março de 2002). Após o diagnóstico de dispepsia avaliou-se a presença de depressão, tanto em pacientes com dispepsia funcional, quanto naqueles com dispepsia orgânica. Utilizou-se a análise univariada para descrição das freqüências das variáveis de interesse e da análise bivariada, com o teste qui-quadrado, para comparação entre proporções das variáveis categóricas. A técnica da regressão logística foi utilizada para estabelecer a chance dos pacientes com depressão apresentarem dispepsia funcional e para controlar o efeito das variáveis intervenientes sobre a variável de desfecho RESULTADOS: Evidenciaram maior prevalência de deprimidos entre os pacientes com dispepsia funcional (30,4 por cento) em relação àqueles com dispepsia orgânica (11,2 por cento). As mulheres apresentaram maior chance de dispepsia funcional (OR: 1,74, IC 95 por cento, 1,05-2,89) e, em relação à idade, os intervalos entre 31 e 50 anos (OR: 0,28 IC 95 por cento, 0,13-0,54) e de 51 a 60 anos (OR: 0,41, IC 95 por cento, 0,17-0,96) mostraram efeito protetor, ou seja, indivíduos nessas faixas etárias têm menor risco de apresentar dispepsia funcional. Após a análise multivariada, pacientes deprimidos apresentaram chance três vezes maior de co-morbidade com dispepsia funcional do que pacientes não-deprimidos (OR 3,13; IC 95 por cento; 1,71-5,74).

AIM: To assess the association between depression and functional dyspepsia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and forty eight dyspeptic patients were included in a cross-sectional study in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of a University Hospital in southern Brazil (Pelotas, RS) within a 1-year period (from March, 2001 to March, 2002). The assessment of depression occurred after the diagnosis of dyspepsia. The presence (or not) of depression was verified in both functional and organic dyspeptic patients. In a second moment, the results were compared, an univariate analysis was used to describe the frequencies of the interest variables and a chi-square for the comparison between proportions of the categorical variables. The logistic regression technique was used to establish the odd of functional dyspeptic patients to present depression and to control the effect of other variables in the outcome variable RESULTS: Showed greater prevalence of depression among functional dyspepsia patients (30,4 percent), when compared to organic dyspepsia patients (11,2 percent). Women showed greater risk to present functional dyspepsia (OR: 1,74, IC 95 percent, 1,05-2,89) and in terms of age, the group with ages between 31 to 50 years (OR: 0,28 IC 95 percent, 0,13-0,54) and 51 to 60 years (OR: 0,41, IC 95 percent, 0,17-0,96) showed protection effect (subjects within this age groups have minor risk to present functional dyspepsia). After the multivariate analysis depressed patients showed three times greater comorbidity with functional dyspepsia when compared to non-depressed patients (OR 3, 13; IC 95 percent; 1, 71-5, 74). DISCUSSION: The adjustment for the gender, age and marital status variables confirmed the association between functional dyspepsia and depression. Results point the need to assess the presence of depression in functional dyspepsia patients and to establish specific treatment strategies for these patients.

Prevalência da depressão pós-parto e fatores associados / Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à depressão pós-parto. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Pelotas, entre outubro e novembro de 2000. As mães (n=410) foram entrevistadas no hospital, utilizando dois questionários sobre informações obstétricas e psicossociais. Posteriormente, as puérperas foram visitadas em casa, entre 30 a 45 dias depois do parto, quando foi aplicada a Escala de Hamilton com o objetivo de medir e caracterizar a presença de sintomas depressivos. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado na comparação entre proporções e a regressão logística não condicional, na análise multivariada. Os dados foram analisados hierarquicamente: no primeiro nível as variáveis socioeconômicas, no segundo, as variáveis demográficas, no terceiro, estavam as variáveis obstétricas e no último nível, as variáveis psicossociais. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de depressão pós-parto encontrada foi de 19,1 por cento. As variáveis renda familiar (OR=5,24; IC 95 por cento: 2,00-13,69), preferência pelo sexo da criança (meninos: OR=3,49; IC 95 por cento: 1,76-6,93) e pensar em interromper a gestação (OR=2,52; IC 95 por cento: 1,33-4,76), apresentaram associação com a ocorrência de depressão. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados sugerem que baixas condições socioeconômicas de vida da puérpera e a não aceitação da gravidez são elementos-chave no desenvolvimento da depressão pós-parto.

[Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors]. / Prevalência da depressão pós-parto e fatores associados.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors. METHODS: The study was carried out in Pelotas, a city in the Southern region of Brazil, between October and November 2000. Mothers (n=410) were interviewed in the hospital using two questionnaires on obstetric and psychosocial data. Later, these mothers were visited at home, within 30 to 45 days after delivery. Occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms was assessed by the Hamilton Scale for Depression. Chi-square test was used for comparison between proportions and non conditional logistic regression was utilized in the multivariate analysis. Data analysis was conducted hierarchically: economic variables in the first level, sociodemographic in the second level, the obstetrics variables in the third level and, in the fourth level, the psychosocial variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of postpartum depression observed in this sample was 19.1%. Family income (OR=5.24; CI 95%: 2.00-13.69), preference as to the child's gender (boys: OR=3.49; CI 95%: 1.76-6.93) and thinking about interrupting the pregnancy (OR=2.52; CI 95%: 1.33-4.76), were variables associated with postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that low economic status of the puerperal woman and nonacceptance of pregnancy are key elements in the development of postpartum depression.

[Functional dyspepsia and depression as an associated factor]. / Dispepsia funcional e depressão como fator associado.

AIM: To assess the association between depression and functional dyspepsia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and forty eight dyspeptic patients were included in a cross-sectional study in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of a University Hospital in southern Brazil (Pelotas, RS) within a 1-year period (from March, 2001 to March, 2002). The assessment of depression occurred after the diagnosis of dyspepsia. The presence (or not) of depression was verified in both functional and organic dyspeptic patients. In a second moment, the results were compared, an univariate analysis was used to describe the frequencies of the interest variables and a chi-square for the comparison between proportions of the categorical variables. The logistic regression technique was used to establish the odd of functional dyspeptic patients to present depression and to control the effect of other variables in the outcome variable RESULTS: Showed greater prevalence of depression among functional dyspepsia patients (30,4%), when compared to organic dyspepsia patients (11,2%). Women showed greater risk to present functional dyspepsia (OR: 1,74, IC 95%, 1,05-2,89) and in terms of age, the group with ages between 31 to 50 years (OR: 0,28 IC 95%, 0,13-0,54) and 51 to 60 years (OR: 0,41, IC 95%, 0,17-0,96) showed protection effect (subjects within this age groups have minor risk to present functional dyspepsia). After the multivariate analysis depressed patients showed three times greater comorbidity with functional dyspepsia when compared to non-depressed patients (OR 3, 13; IC 95%; 1, 71-5, 74). DISCUSSION: The adjustment for the gender, age and marital status variables confirmed the association between functional dyspepsia and depression. Results point the need to assess the presence of depression in functional dyspepsia patients and to establish specific treatment strategies for these patients.

Questões críticas para o tratamento farmacológico da depressão pós-parto / Critical issues in the pharmacological treatment of postpartum depression

CONTEXTO: A depressão pós-parto (DPP) é uma condição freqüente cujo manejo clínico é complexo. OBJETIVO: Neste artigo, delineamos questões relacionadas a eficácia, segurança e tolerabilidade relevantes ao tratamento da DPP com antidepressivos. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, PsychINFO, Biological Abstracts, Lilacs, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register e CINAHL. RESULTADOS: Diretrizes atuais de tratamento da depressão se aplicam a mulheres com DPP que não estejam amamentando. Níveis significativos de antidepressivo são encontrados em maior proporção de crianças expostas a fluoxetina e citalopram. É possível que lactentes expostos sofram efeitos colaterais e ganhem menos peso que os não-expostos. CONCLUSÕES: Até que o impacto do uso de antidepressivos sobre o desenvolvimento de lactentes seja esclarecido, uma possibilidade clínica seria prescrever antidepressivos que não fossem geralmente detectáveis no plasma dos lactentes, como sertralina e paroxetina.

CONTEXT: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a frequent complication of childbirth, with complexities in its clinical management. OBJECTIVE: In this review article, we propose clinical questions which are relevant to the pharmacological treatment of PPD. METHOD: Searches were performed in MEDLINE, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Biological Abstracts, Lilacs and in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. RESULTS: Current treatment guidelines for the treatment of depression apply to women with PPD which are not breastfeeding. Significant antidepressant levels are more often detected in children exposed to fluoxetine or citalopram. In those who are exposed, untoward effects and reduced growth are possible. CONCLUSIONS: Until the impact of antidepressant exposure through breastfeeding is better understood, a possible clinical approach would be to prescribe antidepressants generally not detected in the infants' plasma, such as sertraline or paroxetine.