ABSTRACT
[{"text": "Este artigo apresenta uma experiência de Educação Popular em Saúde para a doação de leite humano. Tem o objetivo de relatar a experiência acerca da promoção do aleitamento materno com nutrizes, para a doação de leite em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro. Apresenta todo o processo desde a capacitação dos profissionais da Unidade, os grupos educativos desenvolvidos com as nutrizes, a captação e seleção da doadora, assim como a coleta, a conservação, o transporte do leite doado até os bancos de leite humano. Todo esse processo ocorreu com valorização dos princípios da Educação Popular em Saúde, como amorosidade e valorização do saber da doadora. Dessa forma, percebeu-se que quanto mais se aumentava o vínculo das nutrizes com os profissionais da UBS, aumentava o número de doadoras e também de leite humano doado...", "_i": "pt"}, {"text": "This paper presents an experience related to Popular Education in Health, focused on promoting donation of breast milk. Its main objective is to describe the experience of promoting breastfeeding with nursing mothers, aiming at breast milk donation at a Primary Care Unit located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It reports the entire process: the training offered to the Units professionals, the educational groups held with the nursing mothers, the selection of donors, and the collection, preservation, and transportation of donated breast milk to the Human Milk Bank. The whole process respected the guiding principles of popular education in health, such as lovingness and respect for the donors knowledge. Thus, it was possible to perceive that the stronger the bond between nursing mothers and the Units professionals, the higher the number of breast milk donors and the amount of donated milk...", "_i": "en"}, {"text": "Este artículo presenta una experiencia de Educación Popular en Salud para donación de leche humana. Su objetivo es la experiencia sobre la promoción de la lactancia materna con nutrices, para donación de leche en una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS), localizada en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Presenta todo el proceso, desde la capacitación de los profesionales de la Unidad, los grupos educativos desarrollados con las nutrices, la captación y selección de la donadora y la colecta, conservación y transporte de la leche donada hasta los bancos de leche. El proceso valorizó los principios de la Educación Popular en Salud, como amor y valorización del saber de la donadora. Así, se percibió que cuanto mayor era el vínculo de las nutrices con los profesionales de la UBS, mas aumentaban las donadoras y la leche humana donada...", "_i": "es"}]
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Feeding , Milk Banks , Health Centers , Population Education , Health Education , Milk, HumanABSTRACT
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Studies evaluating the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in tropical Norway rat populations are rare, and data on co-infection with multiple pathogens are nonexistent. Herein, we describe the prevalence of leptospiral carriage, Seoul virus (SEOV), and Bartonella spp. infection independently, in addition to the rates of co-infection among urban, slum-dwelling Norway rats in Salvador, Brazil, trapped during the rainy season from June to August of 2010. These data were complemented with previously unpublished Leptospira and SEOV prevalence information collected in 1998. Immunofluorescence staining of kidney impressions was used to identify Leptospira interrogans in 2010, whereas isolation was used in 1998, and western blotting was used to detect SEOV antibodies in 2010, whereas enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used in 1998: in 2010, Bartonella spp. were isolated from a subsample of rats. The most common pathogen in both years was Leptospira spp. (83%, n=142 in 1998, 63%, n=84 in 2010). SEOV was detected in 18% of individuals in both 1998 and 2010 (n=78 in 1998; n=73 in 2010), and two species of Bartonella were isolated from 5 of 26 rats (19%) tested in 2010. The prevalence of all agents increased significantly with rat mass/age. Acquisition of Leptospira spp. occurred at a younger mass/age than SEOV and Bartonella spp. infection, suggesting differences in the transmission dynamics of these pathogens. These data indicate that Norway rats in Salvador serve as reservoir hosts for all three of these zoonotic pathogens and that the high prevalence of leptospiral carriage in Salvador rats poses a high degree of risk to human health.
Subject(s)
Bartonella Infections/veterinary , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/veterinary , Leptospira interrogans/isolation & purification , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Rodent Diseases/epidemiology , Seoul virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Bartonella/immunology , Bartonella/isolation & purification , Bartonella Infections/epidemiology , Bartonella Infections/microbiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Coinfection , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Female , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/virology , Kidney/microbiology , Leptospira interrogans/immunology , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/microbiology , Male , Poverty Areas , Prevalence , Rain , Rats , Rodent Diseases/microbiology , Seasons , Seoul virus/immunology , Urban Health , ZoonosesABSTRACT
Throughout the developing world, urban centres with sprawling slum settlements are rapidly expanding and invading previously forested ecosystems. Slum communities are characterized by untended refuse, open sewers and overgrown vegetation, which promote rodent infestation. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are reservoirs for epidemic transmission of many zoonotic pathogens of public health importance. Understanding the population ecology of R. norvegicus is essential to formulate effective rodent control strategies, as this knowledge aids estimation of the temporal stability and spatial connectivity of populations. We screened for genetic variation, characterized the population genetic structure and evaluated the extent and patterns of gene flow in the urban landscape using 17 microsatellite loci in 146 rats from nine sites in the city of Salvador, Brazil. These sites were divided between three neighbourhoods within the city spaced an average of 2.7 km apart. Surprisingly, we detected very little relatedness among animals trapped at the same site and found high levels of genetic diversity, as well as structuring across small geographical distances. Most F(ST) comparisons among sites were statistically significant, including sites <400 m apart. Bayesian analyses grouped the samples in three genetic clusters, each associated with distinct sampling sites from different neighbourhoods or valleys within neighbourhoods. These data indicate the existence of complex genetic structure in R. norvegicus in Salvador, linked to the heterogeneous urban landscape. Future rodent control measures need to take into account the spatial and temporal linkage of rat populations in Salvador, as revealed by genetic data, to develop informed eradication strategies.
