Prevalence of fear of COVID-19, depression, and anxiety among undergraduate students during remote classes.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, undergraduate students were exposed to symptoms of psychological suffering during remote classes. Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors that may be generated and be related to such outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and related factors in undergraduate students during remote classes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 218 undergraduate students (60.6% women and 39.4% men). Students answered a self-administered online questionnaire designed to gather personal information, pandemic exposure, physical activity level, fear of COVID-19 using the 'Fear of COVID-19 Scale', symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and anxiety using General Anxiety Disorder-7. RESULTS: Undergraduate students had a high prevalence of depression and anxiety (83.0% and 76.1%, respectively) but a low prevalence of fear of COVID-19 (28.9%) during remote classes. Multivariate analysis revealed that women who reported health status as neither good nor bad and who had lost a family member from COVID-19 had the highest levels of fear. For depression and anxiety, the main related factors found were female gender, bad health status, insufficiently active, and complete adherence to the restriction measures. CONCLUSION: These findings may be used to develop actions to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression among students, with interventions through physical activity programmes to improve mental health.

Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, oral acute toxicity, and the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. YEO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For in vitro tests, YEO was assessed using cytotoxicity, neutrophil chemotaxis induced by N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), and phagocytic activity tests. YEO was orally administered in zymosan-induced peritonitis, carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling, and adhesion events in the in situ microcirculation model and in carrageenan-induced paw edema models. YEO (2000 mg/kg) was also tested using an acute toxicity test in Swiss mice. YEO showed a predominance of benzyl acetate, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate. YEO did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. YEO reduced the in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis induced by fMLP and reduced the phagocytic activity. The oral treatment with YEO reduced the leukocyte recruitment and nitric oxide production in the zymosan-induced peritonitis model, reduced rolling and adherent leukocyte number induced by carrageenan in the in situ microcirculation model, and reduced carrageenan-induced edema and mechanical hyperalgesia. YEO did not present signs of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. In conclusion, YEO affected the leukocyte activation, and presented antiedematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

A imunidade na hipertensão arterial: o papel dos linfócitos eda resposta humoral / Immunity and hypertension: role of lymphocytes and humoral response

A hipertensão arterial é um dos maiores fatores de risco a eventos cérebro e cardiovasculares, com alta prevalência na população mundial. Diversos fatores podem conduzir à elevação da pressão arterial; no entanto, estudos recentes têm demonstrado o papel do sistema imune na modulação da pressão e no surgimento da hipertensão. Ainfiltração de células imunes nos rins provoca uma inflamação crônica que, por sua vez, altera o sistema de controle da pressão arterial. Além disso, outros estudos revelam que o sistema imune pode provocar mudanças no sistema nervoso central que podem alterar o controle da pressão arterial. Diferentes subtipos de linfócitos estão relacionados à modulação da pressão arterial, bem como à resposta humoral a antígenos que possuem a capacidade de alterar o endotélio. Aresposta autoimune também se apresenta como um possível fator causador da hipertensão. Este manuscrito teve por objetivo abordar os mecanismos pelos quais os linfócitos e as respostas humorais contribuem para a modulação da pressão arterial.

Hypertension is a major risk factors to stroke and acute coronary syndromes events with high prevalence in the world population. Several factors can lead to high blood pressure, however recently studies have shown the role of the immune system in the pressure modulation and in the occurrence of hypertension. The infiltration of immune cells in the kidney leads to a chronic inflammation which in turn changes the blood pressure. In addition, other studies have shown that the immune system activity central nervous system with changes in blood pressure control. Subtypes of lymphocytes are related to the modulation of blood pressure and the humoral immune response to antigens which have thecapacity to change the endothelium. The autoimmune response also appears as a possible causing factor of hypertension. This manuscript will address mechanisms by which lymphocytes and humoral responses contribute to the modulation of blood pressure.

Mecanismos envolvidos na ativação de receptores B1 de bradicinina em artérias de ratos normotensos e espontaneamente hipertensos / Mechanisms involved in the activation of bradykinin B1 receptors in arteries from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

Objetivo: Analisar os mecanismos envolvidos na ativação de receptores B 1 de bradicinina em artérias de condutância e de resistência, isoladas de ratos normotensos, ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e de coelhos. Métodos: Os anéis de artéria aorta e mesentérica foram usados para registros de potencial de membrana, por meio de microeletrodos de vidro, acoplados a um micromanipulador e conectados a um eletrômetro. As medidas de potencial de membrana foram obtidas por meio de registros intracelulares, feitos a partir da camada adventícia dos vasos com ou sem endotélio. Resultados: O agonista de receptor B1 de bradicinina, des-Arg9-BK, induziu respostas hiperpolarizantes em anéis de artéria mesentérica isoladas de ratos normotensos, o que não foi observado em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. Estas respostas foram bloqueadas em presença do antagonista de receptor B1 de BK, Lys-[Leu8-des- Arg9]BK ou em presença de iberiotoxina, inibidor de canais de potássio, dependentes de cálcio. Em 59 por cento das aortas isoladas de coelhos, recém montadas, des-Arg9-BK induziu respostas hiperpolarizantes, as quais foram inibidas por Lys-[Leu8-des-Arg9]BK ou por iberiotoxina. Em anéis dessas mesmas preparações, porém, submetidas ao estiramento, o des-Arg9-BK induziu respostas despolarizantes que foram inibidas por Lys-[Leu8-des- Arg9]BK. Em 41 por cento das preparações que não foram responsivas à des-Arg9-BK, sem estiramento, também não se observou resposta após o estiramento. Conclusões: Relatos da literatura mostram que o receptor B1 de BK não é constitutivamente expresso em condições normais, entretanto, nossos resultados mostram que a expressão funcional destes receptores está associada à presença de canais de potássio dependentes de cálcio, que estejam funcionantes. Além desses achados descritos acima, esta tese engloba os resultados que constam na publicação dos seguintes trabalhos em anexo: P-1 - Farias NC, Borelli-Montigny GL, Fauaz G, Feres T, Borges ACR, Paiva T8. Different mechanism of LPS-induced vasodilation in resistence and conductance arteries frem SHR and normotensive rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;137:213-20. P-2 - Farias NC, Feres T, Paiva ACM, Paiva TB. Lys-[Leu8,des-Arg9]-bradykinin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced SHR aorta hyperpolarization by inhibition by ofCa++-and ATP-dependent K+ channels. EurJ Pharmacol. 2004; 498:163-9. P-3 - Farias NC, Feres T, Paiva ACM, Paiva TB. Ca2+ -dependent K+ channels are targets for bradykinin B1 receptor ligands and for lipopolysaccharide in the rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;525:123-7.