Inhaled "Muco-Trapping" Monoclonal Antibody Effectively Treats Established Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. RSV infects the airway epithelium via the apical membrane and almost exclusively sheds progeny virions back into the airway mucus (AM), making RSV difficult to target by systemically administered therapies. An inhalable "muco-trapping" variant of motavizumab (Mota-MT), a potent neutralizing mAb against RSV F is engineered. Mota-MT traps RSV in AM via polyvalent Fc-mucin bonds, reducing the fraction of fast-moving RSV particles in both fresh pediatric and adult AM by ≈20-30-fold in a Fc-glycan dependent manner, and facilitates clearance from the airways of mice within minutes. Intranasal dosing of Mota-MT eliminated viral load in cotton rats within 2 days. Daily nebulized delivery of Mota-MT to RSV-infected neonatal lambs, beginning 3 days after infection when viral load is at its maximum, led to a 10 000-fold and 100 000-fold reduction in viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissues relative to placebo control, respectively. Mota-MT-treated lambs exhibited reduced bronchiolitis, neutrophil infiltration, and airway remodeling than lambs receiving placebo or intramuscular palivizumab. The findings underscore inhaled delivery of muco-trapping mAbs as a promising strategy for the treatment of RSV and other acute respiratory infections.

Investigation of Nascent Base Pair and Polymerase Behavior in the Presence of Mismatches in DNA Polymerase I Using Molecular Dynamics.

Optimizing DNA polymerases for a broad range of tasks requires an understanding of the factors influencing polymerase fidelity, but many details of polymerase behavior remain unknown, especially in the presence of mismatched nascent base pairs. Using molecular dynamics, the large fragment of Bacillus stearothermophilus DNA polymerase I is simulated in the presence of all 16 possible standard nucleoside triphosphate-template (dNTP-dN) pairs, including four Watson-Crick pairs and 12 mismatches. The precatalytic steps of nucleotide addition from nucleotide insertion to immediately preceding catalysis are explored using three starting structures representing different stages of nucleotide addition. From these simulations, interactions between dNTPs and the DNA-protein complex formed by the polymerase are elucidated. Patterns of large-scale conformational shifts, classification of nucleotide pairs based on composition, and investigation of the roles of residues interacting with dNTPs are completed on 50+ µs of simulation. The role of molecular dynamics in studies of polymerase behavior is discussed.