Clinical characteristics of two groups commonly referred to an Irish hypertension service-patients with resistant hypertension and young adults with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The management of hypertension is primarily performed in primary care settings in many health systems. However, two groups of patients often require specialist input: patients with resistant hypertension (RH) and young adults with hypertension. AIMS: To elucidate these groups by examining the characteristics of patients attending an Irish hypertension service, thus informing future management of hypertension. METHODS: Patients were recruited at consecutive hypertension clinics at St James Hospital, Dublin from July to September 2019. Following patient consent, patient data were recorded to identify patient characteristics as well as the results of investigations, blood pressure (BP) measurements and the anti-hypertensive treatment of the study participants which were then analysed. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-six patients were included in the study. Compared to those without RH, the RH group were more likely to be obese (OR 2.59 [95% CI 1.06 to 6.33]), to have cardiovascular disease (OR 3.07 [95% CI 1.56 to 6.02]) and to have a non-dipping BP pattern (OR 3.86 [95% CI 1.57 to 9.47]). Young adults comprised 27% of the cohort. Forty-seven percent of these patients were obese, 15.9% had hypertension in pregnancy and 22.2% had chronic headaches. Despite being prescribed less anti-hypertensives (1.41 vs 2.28; p < 0.05), the majority of young patients had a BP less than 140/90 mmHg, comparing favourably with older patients (OR 2.25 [95% CI 1.20 to 4.27]). CONCLUSION: This contemporary study highlights the high prevalence of obesity among RH patients and young adults with hypertension. Findings suggest that programs to combat hypertension must include interventions to address obesity.

Referrals to, and characteristics of patients attending a specialist hypertension clinic.

The management of hypertension is suboptimal in Ireland and internationally. The role of a specialist hypertension clinic is not always defined but an analysis of the reasons for referral are likely informative. Also, a description of the clinical characteristics of patients with hypertension will inform requirements for comprehensive hypertension management in the community and secondary care. Patients were recruited at consecutive hypertension clinics at St James Hospital, Dublin from July to September 2019. Reasons for referral, clinical characteristics of patients, their investigations and treatment were analyzed. 236 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients, 83%, were obese or overweight. A family history of hypertension was a frequent finding with 70.8% of patients reporting same. 26.7% of patients were under the age of 40. 78% of referrals were from primary care and the most referrals were to investigate secondary causes of hypertension or because the patient was ≤40 years of age. Calcium channel blockers were the treatment most frequently prescribed (51.7%). Clinic blood pressure for the cohort was 137/81 mmHg and this was replicated by their ambulatory BP. This insight into the contemporary management of hypertension highlights the frequency of obesity and a positive family history in those with hypertension. Most referrals were consistent with international guidance though deviations were evident. Findings suggest a national program for hypertension with greater focus on public health interventions and better resourcing of primary care is required.