ABSTRACT
Xylella fastidiosa is responsible for a wide range of economically important plant diseases. We report here the crystal structure and kinetic data of Xylellain, the first cysteine protease characterized from the genome of the pathogenic X. fastidiosa strain 9a5c. Xylellain has a papain-family fold, and part of the N-terminal sequence blocks the enzyme active site, thereby mediating protein activity. One novel feature identified in the structure is the presence of a ribonucleotide bound outside the active site. We show that this ribonucleotide plays an important regulatory role in Xylellain enzyme kinetics, possibly functioning as a physiological mediator.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Cysteine Proteases/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Xylella/enzymology , Amino Acid Substitution , Bacterial Proteins/agonists , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Biocatalysis , Catalytic Domain , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cysteine Proteases/genetics , Cysteine Proteases/metabolism , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Activation , Kinetics , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Mutant Proteins/agonists , Mutant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Mutant Proteins/chemistry , Mutant Proteins/metabolism , Point Mutation , Protein Folding , Protein Structure, Quaternary , Recombinant Proteins/agonists , Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Uridine Diphosphate/chemistry , Uridine Diphosphate/metabolismABSTRACT
Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins are essential players in nanoscopy approaches based on the super-localization of single molecules. The subclass of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins typically activate through isomerization of the chromophore coupled with a change in its protonation state. However, the interplay between these two events, the details of photoswitching pathways, and the role of protein dynamics remain incompletely understood. Here, by using a combination of structural and spectroscopic approaches, we discovered two fluorescent intermediate states along the on-switching pathway of the fluorescent protein Padron. The first intermediate can be populated at temperatures as low as 100 K and results from a remarkable trans-cis isomerization of the anionic chromophore taking place within a protein matrix essentially deprived of conformational flexibility. This intermediate evolves in the dark at cryotemperatures to a second structurally similar but spectroscopically distinct anionic intermediate. The final fluorescent state, which consists of a mixture of anionic and neutral chromophores in the cis configuration, is only reached above the glass transition temperature, suggesting that chromophore protonation involves solvent interactions mediated by pronounced dynamical breathing of the protein scaffold. The possibility of efficiently and reversibly photoactivating Padron at cryotemperatures will facilitate the development of advanced super-resolution imaging modalities such as cryonanoscopy.
Subject(s)
Luminescent Proteins/chemistry , Temperature , Crystallography, X-Ray , Models, Molecular , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Photochemical Processes , Protein Conformation , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
We have studied the photoswitching behaviour of a number of photochromic fluorescent proteins at cryo-temperature. Spectroscopic investigations at the ensemble level showed that EYFP, Dronpa and IrisFP all exhibit reversible photoswitching at 100 K, albeit with a low quantum yield. The photophysics of the process were studied in more details in the case of EYFP. The data suggest that photoinduced protonation of the chromophore is responsible for off-switching at cryo-temperature, and thus is possible in the absence of significant conformational freedom. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that chromophore protonation may precede large amplitude conformational changes such as cis-trans isomerisation during off-photoswitching at room temperature. However, our data suggest that low-barrier photoinduced protonation pathways may in fact compete with room-temperature off-switching reactions in photochromic fluorescent proteins. The occurrence of reversible photoswitching at low-temperature is of interest to envisage cryo-nanoscopy experiments using genetically encoded fluorophores.
