Irregular eating patterns associate with hypomanic symptoms in bipolar disorders.

Objective: We present novel dimensional methods to describe the timing of eating in psychopathology. We focused on the relationship between current mood in bipolar disorder (BD) and the stability of the temporal pattern of daily eating events. Methods: Consenting BD patients (n = 69) from an outpatient, tertiary care clinic completed hourly charts of mood and eating for two weeks. Mood was also evaluated with Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results: Illustrative displays, or eatograms, enabling visualization of all recorded eating events were used to guide assessment of the temporal structure of eating across the two week assessment period. We computed indices to quantify irregularities in timing of eating, namely IFRQ, ITIM and IINT for the variability of frequency, timing, and interval of eating events, respectively. In this cohort, irregular temporal pattern of eating correlated with hypomanic symptoms (YMRS with IFRQ, Spearman rank order rh = 0.28, p = .019, with ITIM, rh = 0.44, p < .001, and with IINT rh = 0.38, p = .001), but not depressive symptoms or anthropometric measures. Conclusions: Our data suggest a link between the instability of the temporal order of daily eating and mood. The dimensional measures for eating pattern introduced here enable future investigations of correlations with psychopathology.

Group Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP): A Pilot Study for Bipolar Depression.

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is an individually administered treatment model designed specifically for Persistent Depression however bipolar patients have traditionally been excluded from CBASP studies. There is a perception that bipolar depression will be harder to treat and requires a unique psychological approach. This pilot study reports on the feasibility of administering the same 20-week manualized group CBASP therapy with bipolar patients currently in a depressive episode. METHODS: This non-randomized, single-arm prospective pilot study, reports on an a posteriori exploration of benefits to bipolar depressed patients (n=26) of the same 20-week group CBASP intervention administered to unipolar depressed patients (n=81). The clinical trial for the initial phase examining benefits of the manualized 20-week group CBASP intervention with unipolar patients was registered with the ISRCTN registry, study ID: ISRCTN95149444. Results reported here include mixed ANOVA analyses, across group treatment models and diagnostic categories. Changes over time in self-reported depressive symptoms (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms -IDS-SR), self-reported social functioning, interpersonal problems and interpersonal dispositions are documented for all patients. An exploratory longitudinal latent class analysis was used to examine patients' trajectories of improvement in depressive symptoms. Finally, the best predictors of change in reported depressive symptoms were explored with a logistic regression for all patients. RESULTS: Improvements in depressive symptoms and in social functioning over time were significant for all patients with bipolar patients trending towards a greater improvement in depressive symptoms after controlling for baseline differences. An exploratory Latent Class Analysis identified two different treatment trajectories for the entire sample: 1) moderate to severely depressed patients who improved significantly (49%) and 2) severely depressed patients who did not improve (51%). The best predictors of non-response to group therapy include high baseline problems in social functioning and low rates of self-reported Perceived Improvements in overall health. CONCLUSION: Bipolar patients in a depressive episode appear to benefit from the same 20-week group CBASP model designed originally for the treatment of Persistent Depressive Disorder. Bipolar patients seem more easily mobilized both during and outside of group therapy sessions and report more interpersonal confidence and more agency than unipolar depressed patients.