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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 22(23): 19194-202, 2015 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26250814

ABSTRACT

The imazethapyr herbicide (formulation Verosil(®)) was evaluated for phytotoxicity and genotoxicity using a battery of bioassays: (1) the growth inhibition of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, (2) the root growth and germination of the higher plant Lactuca sativa, (3) the genetic damage using the Salmonella/microsome test, and (4) the aneugenic and clastogenic effects on Allium cepa. The Verosil(®) formulation was highly toxic to the non-target green alga (median effective concentration (EC50) = 1.05 ± 0.05 mg active ingredient (a.i.) L(-1)), and concentrations above 10 mg a.i. L(-1) inhibited root elongation in lettuce: relative growth index (RGI) between 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.66 ± 0.10. No genotoxic effect was observed in S almonella typhimurium at 100 mg a.i. L(-1), either with or without the microsomal fraction. However, significant differences in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in anaphases and telophases (bridges, chromosome fragments, and vagrants) were observed in A. cepa at concentrations between 0.01 and 1 mg a.i. L(-1) with respect to the control. The frequencies of micronuclei showed significant differences with respect to the control at concentrations between 0.001 and 0.1 mg a.i. L(-1). A very high mitotic index (MI = 93.8 ± 5.8) was observed associated with a high number of cells in the prophase stage at 100 mg a.i. L(-1), indicating cytotoxicity. These results showed that imazethapyr is toxic to the non-target populations in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This herbicide might also exert clastogenic and aneugenic mitotic damage in higher plants. Therefore, the imazethapyr formulation may constitute an environmental risk to plants.


Subject(s)
Herbicides/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Nicotinic Acids/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Biological Assay , Chlorophyta/drug effects , Chlorophyta/growth & development , Chromosome Aberrations , DNA Damage , Lactuca/drug effects , Lactuca/growth & development , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Micronucleus Tests , Mitosis , Mitotic Index , Onions/drug effects , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Roots/growth & development , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
2.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 21(1): 5-14, jun. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-694580

ABSTRACT

Un factor decisivo de la Revolución Verde ha sido el desarrollo y aplicación de plaguicidas para combatir una gran variedad de organismos considerados perjudiciales por el hombre, que afectan la productividad de los cultivos de interés agronómico. Sin embargo, el incremento sostenido del uso de pesticidas trajo aparejado un aumento de la presencia de los mismos en el ambiente, llegando a afectar a los ecosistemas y a la salud humana. La exposición de las poblaciones a plaguicidas, se da en forma de mezclas complejas, tanto por la aplicación de distintos plaguicidas en simultáneo como por la presencia de aditivos en las formulaciones comerciales. Teniendo en cuenta la producción científica relacionada en los últimos años, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los avances sobre la genotoxicidad de pesticidas y sus mezclas, en concentraciones similares a las encontradas en el ambiente. Además, dada la complejidad de los estudios de monitoreo y la imposibilidad de establecer correlaciones directas, se propone reconocer la utilidad de los ensayos de corto plazo en niveles de evaluación de menor complejidad como una aproximación al contexto real.


A crucial factor of the Green Revolution has been the development and application of pesticides to prevent the potential harm of a variety of organisms that affect crop yields of agronomic interest. However, the sustained increase in the use of these compounds resulted in an enhancement of their presence in the environment, affecting ecosystems and human health. Populations are exposed to complex pesticide mixtures because they are usually combined and commercial formulations content several additives. Considering the scientifc output on the subject in recent years, the aim of this work is to evaluate advancement on the genotoxicity of pesticides and their mixtures at similar concentrations to those found in the environment. Moreover, given the complexity of monitoring studies and the lack of certainty to establish direct correlations, it is proposed to recognize the applicability of short-term tests of minor complexity as an approximation to the real context.


Subject(s)
Environmental Biomarkers , Genotoxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Mutagenicity Tests/statistics & numerical data
3.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 21(1): 5-14, jun. 2013.
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-130955

ABSTRACT

Un factor decisivo de la Revolución Verde ha sido el desarrollo y aplicación de plaguicidas para combatir una gran variedad de organismos considerados perjudiciales por el hombre, que afectan la productividad de los cultivos de interés agronómico. Sin embargo, el incremento sostenido del uso de pesticidas trajo aparejado un aumento de la presencia de los mismos en el ambiente, llegando a afectar a los ecosistemas y a la salud humana. La exposición de las poblaciones a plaguicidas, se da en forma de mezclas complejas, tanto por la aplicación de distintos plaguicidas en simultáneo como por la presencia de aditivos en las formulaciones comerciales. Teniendo en cuenta la producción científica relacionada en los últimos años, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los avances sobre la genotoxicidad de pesticidas y sus mezclas, en concentraciones similares a las encontradas en el ambiente. Además, dada la complejidad de los estudios de monitoreo y la imposibilidad de establecer correlaciones directas, se propone reconocer la utilidad de los ensayos de corto plazo en niveles de evaluación de menor complejidad como una aproximación al contexto real.(AU)


A crucial factor of the Green Revolution has been the development and application of pesticides to prevent the potential harm of a variety of organisms that affect crop yields of agronomic interest. However, the sustained increase in the use of these compounds resulted in an enhancement of their presence in the environment, affecting ecosystems and human health. Populations are exposed to complex pesticide mixtures because they are usually combined and commercial formulations content several additives. Considering the scientifc output on the subject in recent years, the aim of this work is to evaluate advancement on the genotoxicity of pesticides and their mixtures at similar concentrations to those found in the environment. Moreover, given the complexity of monitoring studies and the lack of certainty to establish direct correlations, it is proposed to recognize the applicability of short-term tests of minor complexity as an approximation to the real context.(AU)

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