ABSTRACT
Benomyl, benzimidazole group pesticide, has been prohibited in Europe and USA since 2003 due to its toxic effects and it has been still determined as food and environmental contaminant. In the present study, the toxic effect mechanisms of benomyl were evaluated in rat cardiomyoblast (H9c2) cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT and NRU assay and, oxidative stress potential was evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione levels. DNA damage was assessed by alkaline comet assay. Relative expressions of apoptosis related genes were evaluated; furthermore, NF-κB and JNK protein levels were determined. At 4 µM concentration (at which cell viability was >70%), benomyl increased 2-fold of ROS production level and 2-fold of apoptosis as well as DNA damage. Benomyl down-regulated miR21, TNF-α and Akt1 ≥ 48.75 and ≥ 97.90; respectively. PTEN, JNK and NF-κB expressions were upregulated. The dramatic changes in JNK and NF-κB expression levels were not observed in protein levels. These findings showed the oxidative stress related DNA damage and apoptosis in cardiomyoblast cells exposed to benomyl. However, further mechanistic and in vivo studies are needed to understand the cardiotoxic effects of benomyl and benzimidazol fungucides.
Subject(s)
Benomyl/toxicity , Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity , Myoblasts, Cardiac/drug effects , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , DNA Damage , Glutathione/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/genetics , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism , Myoblasts, Cardiac/metabolism , NF-kappa B/genetics , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , Rats , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/geneticsABSTRACT
Bisphenol A (BPA), as synthetic monomer used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, has endocrine disruptor properties and high risk on human health. Epigenetic alterations could act an important role in BPA-induced toxicity, but its mechanism has not been fully understood. We investigated the effects of BPA on gene expression of chromatin modifying enzymes, promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes and histone modifications in human prostate carcinoma cells (PC-3). IC50 value of BPA was determined as 217 and 190⯵M in PC-3â¯cells by MTT and NRU tests, respectively. We revealed an increase in global levels of 5-methylcytocine and 5-hydroxymethylcytocine at 10⯵M of BPA for 96â¯h. We observed a significant increase on promoter DNA methylation and decrease on gene expression of p16 gene while no change was observed for Cyclin D2 and Rassf1. Significant changes were observed in global histone modifications (H3K9ac, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K20me3) in PC-3â¯cells. According to these results, we investigated wide-range epigenetic modifications using PCR arrays. After 96â¯h BPA exposure, chromatin modifying enzymes including KDM5B and NSD1 were significantly downregulated. Also, promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes including BCR, GSTP1, LOX, MGMT, NEUROG1, PDLIM4, PTGS2, PYCARD, TIMP3, TSC2 and ZMYDN10 altered significantly. ChIP results showed that H3K9ac, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 modifications on p16 gene showed significant increases after 1 and 10⯵M of BPA exposure. In conclusion, epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation and histone modifications could be proposed as molecular biomarkers of BPA-induced prostate cancer progression.
