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1.
J Small Anim Pract ; 62(3): 187-193, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33260263

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The ventrodorsal hip extended standard view is conventionally used for radiographic screening of canine hip dysplasia. However, because the ventrodorsal hip extended standard view minimises hip joint laxity, several alternative views have been proposed. Our aim was to evaluate a new ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted view to assess joint laxity, by comparing it with the ventrodorsal hip extended standard and ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted views. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 2013 and March 2017, all dogs referred to the University of Naples "Federico II" for the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia were studied using the ventrodorsal hip extended standard, ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted and ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted views. The Norberg angle and the laxity index were measured for each view. RESULTS: Overall, 102 dogs, 67 males and 35 females, mean age 15 months, were included. The mean (±standard deviation) Norberg angles were 99.77° (±10.42°), 89.29° (±14.32°) and 91.80° (±13.50°) for the ventrodorsal hip extended standard, ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted and ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted views, respectively. The mean (± standard deviation) laxity indices were 0.19 (± 0.14), 0.39 (± 0.25) and 0.36 (± 0.21), respectively. The ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted and ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted views had lower Norberg angle and higher laxity index values compared with the ventrodorsal hip extended standard view. The ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted and ventrodorsal hip extended standard views are in strong agreement for the measurement of both Norberg angle and laxity index, as confirmed by Bland-Altman analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted and ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted views obtained with the hip in a neutral position reveal joint laxity better than the ventrodorsal hip extended standard view. Unlike the ventrodorsal hip flexed and distracted view, the ventrodorsal hip flexed and not distracted view does not require human operators or special devices for positioning the dog. The wide age range of the dogs enrolled might have influenced the laxity index measurements, since capsular fibrosis in older dogs reduces laxity.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Hip Dysplasia, Canine , Joint Instability , Animals , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dogs , Female , Hip Dysplasia, Canine/diagnostic imaging , Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging , Joint Instability/diagnostic imaging , Joint Instability/veterinary , Radiography
2.
Contrast Media Mol Imaging ; 2019: 8946729, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31598114

ABSTRACT

Precision and personalized medicine is gaining importance in modern clinical medicine, as it aims to improve diagnostic precision and to reduce consequent therapeutic failures. In this regard, prior to use in human trials, animal models can help evaluate novel imaging approaches and therapeutic strategies and can help discover new biomarkers. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, accounting for 25% of cases of all cancers and is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths per year. Thus, it is important to identify accurate biomarkers for precise stratification of affected patients and for early detection of responsiveness to the selected therapeutic protocol. This review aims to summarize the latest advancements in preclinical molecular imaging in breast cancer mouse models. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging remains one of the most common preclinical techniques used to evaluate biomarker expression in vivo, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly diffusion-weighted (DW) sequences, has been demonstrated as capable of distinguishing responders from nonresponders for both conventional and innovative chemo- and immune-therapies with high sensitivity and in a noninvasive manner. The ability to customize therapies is desirable, as this will enable early detection of diseases and tailoring of treatments to individual patient profiles. Animal models remain irreplaceable in the effort to understand the molecular mechanisms and patterns of oncologic diseases.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Molecular Imaging/methods , Precision Medicine/methods , Radiopharmaceuticals , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Estrogens , Female , Forecasting , Humans , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Neoplasm Proteins/analysis , Neoplasm Transplantation , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/diagnostic imaging , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology , Progesterone , Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , STAT1 Transcription Factor/deficiency , Sensitivity and Specificity , Trastuzumab/pharmacokinetics , Trastuzumab/therapeutic use
3.
Contrast Media Mol Imaging ; 2019: 6319476, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31263384

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound is a noninvasive routine method that allows real-time monitoring of fetal development in utero to determine gestational age and to detect congenital anomalies and multiple pregnancies. To date, the developmental biology of Chinchilla lanigera has not yet been characterized. This species has been found to undergo placentation, long gestation, and fetal dimensions similar to those in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the use of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and clinical ultrasound (US) to predict gestational age in chinchillas and evaluate the possibility of this species as a new animal model for the study of human pregnancy. In this study, 35 pregnant females and a total of 74 embryos and fetuses were monitored. Ultrasound examination was feasible in almost all chinchilla subjects. It was possible to monitor the chinchilla embryo with HFUS from embryonic day (E) 15 to 60 and with US from E15 to E115 due to fetus dimensions. The placenta could be visualized and measured with HFUS from E15, but not with US until E30. From E30, the heartbeat became detectable and it was possible to measure fetal biometrics. In the late stages of pregnancy, stomach, eyes, and lenses became visible. Our study demonstrated the importance of employing both techniques while monitoring embryonic and fetal development to obtain an overall and detailed view of all structures and to recognize any malformation at an early stage. Pregnancy in chinchillas can be confirmed as early as the 15th day postmating, and sonographic changes and gestational age are well correlated. The quantitative measurements of fetal and placental growth performed in this study could be useful in setting up a database for comparison with human fetal ultrasounds. We speculate that, in the future, the chinchilla could be used as an animal model for the study of US in human pregnancy.


Subject(s)
Chinchilla/growth & development , Contrast Media/pharmacology , Fetal Development/physiology , Ultrasonography/methods , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Pregnancy , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods
4.
Open Vet J ; 6(3): 228-233, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27928521

ABSTRACT

Congenital limb deformities are very rare conditions and the knowledge about etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and treatment is still poor. Moreover, many defects are still not reported in veterinary literature. This report documents clinical and radiographic findings in three dogs with congenital deformity involving the distal extremities. Case 1 was affected with bilateral aphalangia of the pedes, case 2 presented a combination of brachydactyly and syndactyly, whereas in case 3 a unilateral ectrodactyly was observed. To the authors' knowledge, brachydactyly, as well as aphalangia, are very uncommon anomalies and have been rarely documented. Moreover, association between syndactyly and brachydactyly has still not been reported.

5.
Open Vet J ; 6(3): 255-258, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28116250

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical features, the management and the outcome of nine small breed dogs affected with lateral patella luxation referred during the period between January 2010 and December 2014. Patellar luxations were classified according to: breed, age, sex, weight, and grade of patellar luxation, as well as if unilateral or bilateral, and concurrent cranial cruciate ligament lesion. In affected dogs, surgical correction consisted in the combination of tibial tuberosity transposition and soft tissue procedure. Adjunctive condroplasty or trochleoplasty was performed as needing. The outcome was found positive after surgical management with low complication rate and complications have been easily managed with high success rate.

6.
Folia Morphol (Warsz) ; 75(2): 211-215, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26431049

ABSTRACT

Scant information is available on the ultrasonographic appearance of different testicular tumours in the stallion. Preoperative ultrasound imaging and gross and microscopic features of a testicular teratoma in a horse is described. An asymptomatic 4 years old cryptorchid Arabian horse was admitted for orchiectomy. Combined transabdominal and inguinal ultrasound examination revealed a large complex ovoid mass, containing both solid and cystic elements with internal echoes, located dorsally to the superficial inguinal ring. Two main hypoechoic cavities divided by a linear hyperechoic septum were evident, with a hyperechoic circular structure inside the lumen of the largest one. A tumour of the undescended testis was suspected. Ultrasound findings guided a provisional diagnosis of teratoma that was confirmed by histology following surgical removal of the tumour. Due to the correspondence between ultrasonographic and morphological features, trans-abdominal ultrasonography was conclusive in the preoperative planning.


Subject(s)
Teratoma/veterinary , Testicular Neoplasms/veterinary , Aging , Animals , Cryptorchidism , Groin , Horse Diseases , Horses , Male , Testis , Ultrasonography
8.
Vet Pathol ; 40(5): 507-11, 2003 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12949407

ABSTRACT

A 9-month-old male German Shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of progressive exercise intolerance. Clinical examination revealed a stiff, stilted gait and marked atrophy and hypotonia of skeletal muscle. The dog had raised creatine kinase (181 U/liter), lactate dehydrogenase (510 U/liter), and aspartate aminotransferase (123.6 U/liter) levels, suggesting a muscle disease. Histochemical evaluation of muscle biopsies revealed the presence of subsarcolemmal oxidative activity, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and succinate dehydrogenase, and the absence of cytochrome oxidase activity. Ragged red fibers were demonstrated with Gomori trichrome stain. Ultrastructural examination of the muscle confirmed the presence of subsarcolemmal accumulations of mitochondria and morphologically atypical mitochondria.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/pathology , Mitochondrial Myopathies/veterinary , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Animals , Biopsy/veterinary , Dog Diseases/metabolism , Dogs , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Male , Microscopy, Electron/veterinary , Mitochondrial Myopathies/metabolism , Mitochondrial Myopathies/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
9.
J Small Anim Pract ; 43(1): 2-6, 2002 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11833819

ABSTRACT

The dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) view of the hip joint can be used to assess the weightbearing portion of the acetabulum and the acetabular coverage, providing an adjunct to the conventional ventrodorsal (VD) view in the radiographic evaluation of hip dysplasia in the dog. A quantitative index of acetabular coverage in the DAR view, the acetabular slope (AS) angle, was originally proposed in 1990. The aim of the present study was to make a prospective, comparative assessment of a new parameter, the centre-edge (CE) angle, with the AS angle, for the evaluation of the acetabular coverage of the femoral head in the DAR view. The reliability and repeatability of the two parameters was assessed using the r(I) value of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in a prospective study of 208 hip joints in large and giant breed dogs. An estimation of the added value of using the DAR view, compared with that of the VD standard view alone, was also assessed. The CE angle showed a higher r(I) value compared with the AS angle; in 26 per cent of hips of FCI classes A, B and C, the DAR view provided additional diagnostic information compared with the VD view, with respect to lateralisation and/or initial changes to the dorsal rim. It is concluded that the CE angle is more reliable than the AS angle in the evaluation of acetabular coverage, and that the DAR view provides valuable data compared with the VD view alone in the early stages of canine hip dysplasia.


Subject(s)
Dogs/anatomy & histology , Hip Dysplasia, Canine/diagnostic imaging , Acetabulum/anatomy & histology , Acetabulum/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Breeding , Female , Hip Joint/anatomy & histology , Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Radiography/methods , Radiography/veterinary , Regression Analysis , Severity of Illness Index
10.
J Small Anim Pract ; 40(1): 7-10, 1999 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10092035

ABSTRACT

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat is an unusual complication of traumatic lesions involving articular (true ankylosis) or periarticular structures (false ankylosis). Seven cats with true ankylosis of the TMJ (four cases unilateral and three cases bilateral), of which previous trauma had been documented in five cases, were referred to the authors' clinic between September 1991 and October 1996. Radiographic assessment was performed in all cases, using dorsoventral and oblique projections. Five subjects underwent arthroplastic excision of the TMJ and, in the remaining two cases, stretching of the jaws was performed under general anaesthesia. The surgical outcome was satisfactory in all but one case, where partially decreased joint mobility was observed (follow-up time one to five years), but in the two cases where non-surgical treatment was carried out, recurrence of TMJ ankylosis was observed (follow-up time two to five months). In the authors' experience, surgery represents the treatment of choice for TMJ ankylosis in cats. Additional mandibular symphysiotomy can confirm the radiological findings in unilateral cases.


Subject(s)
Ankylosis/veterinary , Cat Diseases/pathology , Surgery, Veterinary/methods , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/veterinary , Animals , Ankylosis/pathology , Ankylosis/surgery , Cat Diseases/surgery , Cats , Female , Male , Range of Motion, Articular , Symphysiotomy/veterinary , Temporomandibular Joint/surgery , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/pathology , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/surgery , Treatment Outcome
11.
J Small Anim Pract ; 38(7): 292-4, 1997 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9239630

ABSTRACT

Image quality and side effects were evaluated retrospectively in a series of 183 myelographic studies performed with two non-ionic contrast media (iohexol and iopamidol) at different concentrations. Side effects during and following the procedure were recorded. Image quality was assessed using an arbitrary scoring system and statistical analysis was performed with the cross-tabulation test (4 x 2 table) by comparing two groups receiving contrast medium at higher and lower concentrations. No significant differences in side effects were observed between the two groups but the ratings for image quality were significantly higher in the group receiving contrast medium at the higher concentration than in the group receiving the lower concentration. The results suggest that a high concentration of non-ionic contrast media can safely be used in dogs and may improve image quality.


Subject(s)
Contrast Media/analysis , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Iodine/analysis , Myelography/veterinary , Animals , Contrast Media/standards , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Iohexol/analysis , Iohexol/standards , Iopamidol/analysis , Iopamidol/standards , Myelography/adverse effects , Myelography/methods , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord Diseases/veterinary , Spinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Diseases/veterinary
12.
J Small Anim Pract ; 36(4): 178-80, 1995 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7603060

ABSTRACT

An unusual case of a Yorkshire terrier with a dermoid sinus associated with multiple spinal/costal malformations is described. The dog presented with ataxia and pain in the dorsal thoracic region. Diagnostic characterisation of the lesions was obtained with radiography, myelography and computed tomography. After surgical removal of the sinus, the dog showed marked clinical improvement over a two-year period.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Neural Tube Defects/veterinary , Spine/abnormalities , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Abnormalities, Multiple/surgery , Animals , Dog Diseases/surgery , Dogs , Follow-Up Studies , Iopamidol , Male , Myelography/veterinary , Neural Tube Defects/diagnosis , Neural Tube Defects/surgery , Spine/pathology , Spine/surgery , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
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