Validity Evidence for the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) in Spanish Population.

BACKGROUND: The Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) is one of the few instruments that measure dysfunctional self-focused attention or self-absorption, a transdiagnostic factor of vulnerability to various emotional disorders. The internal structure of the Spanish version of the SAS and its relationship with other variables have not been examined, nor has whether its subscales provide relevant information. These were the two goals of the present study. METHOD: The factor structure of the SAS, its internal consistency, and its relationship with depression and post-traumatic stress were analyzed in a Spanish community sample of 519 adults. RESULTS: The SAS presented a symmetrical bifactor structure with a general factor of self-absorption that explained most of the variance in the items and two specific factors of private and public self-absorption. The total scale and the two subscales of the SAS exhibited excellent, good or adequate reliability coefficients (alphas/omegas = .70 ­ .88) and correlated with depression and post-traumatic stress ( r = .34 ­ .46). CONCLUSIONS: The SAS provides reliable, valid measures of dysfunctional self-focused attention in Spanish adults, but its Private and Public Self-absorption subscales are not much more useful than the information provided by its total scale.

Validity Evidence for the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) in Spanish Population / Evidencias de Validez de la Escala de Autoabsorción (SAS) en Población Española

Background: The Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) is one of the few instruments that measure dysfunctional self-focused attention or self-absorption, a transdiagnostic factor of vulnerability to various emotional disorders. The internal structure of the Spanish version of the SAS and its relationship with other variables have not been examined, nor has whether its subscales provide relevant information. These were the two goals of the present study. Method: The factor structure of the SAS, its internal consistency, and its relationship with depression and post-traumatic stress were analyzed in a Spanish community sample of 519 adults. Results: The SAS presented a symmetrical bifactor structure with a general factor of self-absorption that explained most of the variance in the items and two specific factors of private and public self-absorption. The total scale and the two subscales of the SAS exhibited excellent, good or adequate reliability coefficients (alphas/omegas = .70 – .88) and correlated with depression and post-traumatic stress (r = .34 – .46). Conclusions: The SAS provides reliable, valid measures of dysfunctional self-focused attention in Spanish adults, but its Private and Public Self-absorption subscales are not much more useful than the information provided by its total scale.(AU)

Antecedentes: la Escala de Autoabsorción (SAS) es uno de los pocos instrumentos que mide la atención autofocalizada disfuncional o autoabsorción, un factor transdiagnóstico de vulnerabilidad a diversos trastornos emocionales. La estructura interna de la versión española de la SAS y su relación con otras variables no han sido examinadas, ni tampoco si sus subescalas aportan información relevante. Estos fueron los objetivos del presente estudio. Método: se analizó la estructura factorial de la SAS, su consistencia interna y la relación con la sintomatología depresiva y de estrés postraumático en una muestra comunitaria española de 519 adultos. Resultados: la SAS presentó una estructura bifactor simétrica con un factor general de autoabsorción que explicaba la mayoría de la varianza de los ítems y dos factores específicos de autoabsorción privada y pública. La escala total y las dos subescalas mostraron coeficientes de fiabilidad excelentes, buenos o adecuados (alfas/omegas = .70 – .88) y correlacionaban con la depresión y el estrés postraumático (r = .34 – .46). Conclusiones: la SAS proporciona medidas fiables y válidas de la atención autofocalizada disfuncional en adultos españoles, pero sus subescalas de autoabsorción privada y pública pueden no ser muy útiles más allá de la información proporcionada por su escala total.(AU)

Dysfunctional Attitudes and Long-Term Posttraumatic Growth in Victims of Terrorist Attacks / Actitudes Disfuncionales y Crecimiento Postraumático a Largo Plazo en Víctimas de Atentados Terroristas

Background: The theoretical models of posttraumatic growth (PTG) assume that a change in core beliefs or attitudes about the world and oneself is at the root of PTG. However, there are few studies on the relationship between these attitudes and PTG and their results are contradictory. The contradictions could be clarified using an instrument that assesses attitudes more specifically related to the traumatic event (traumatic dysfunctional attitudes) and analyzing whether said relationship is linear or an inverted U. Methods: A sample of 210 adults directly exposed to terrorist attacks in Spain completed diagnostic measures of emotional disorders and measures of PTSD and depression symptomatology, optimism, traumatic and depressive dysfunctional attitudes, and PTG a mean of 29.6 years after the attacks (range: 2-47 years). Results: Multiple regression analyses revealed that some long-term PTG dimensions were significantly associated in a linear or inverted-U fashion with traumatic dysfunctional attitudes, such that the most extreme levels of spiritual change were associated with the highest total levels of traumatic dysfunctional attitudes while the highest levels of appreciation of life were associated with moderate levels of total traumatic dysfunctional attitudes and, especially, attitudes of perpetual suffering. However, long-term PTG was not associated with depressive dysfunctional attitudes. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of core attitudes for PTG and offer support for the hypothesis that, over time, the positive basic attitudes of many people who have experienced a traumatic event are reconstructed, but incorporating negative or dysfunctional attitudes, which means that a certain amount of traumatic dysfunctional attitudes may be a necessary condition for long-term PTG.(AU)

Antecedentes: Los modelos teóricos del crecimiento postraumático (CPT) suponen que un cambio en las creencias o actitudes básicas sobre el mundo y uno mismo es la raíz del CPT. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre la relación entre esas actitudes y el CPT y sus resultados son contradictorios. Las contradicciones podrían aclararse utilizando un instrumento que evalúe las actitudes más específicamente relacionadas con el acontecimiento traumático (actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas) y analizando si dicha relación es lineal o en forma de U invertida. Método: Una muestra de 210 adultos expuestos directamente a atentados terroristas en España completaron medidas de trastorno emocional y medidas de sintomatología de TEPT y depresión, optimismo, actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas y depresivas y CPT una media de 29.6 años después de los atentados (rango: 2-47 años). Resultados: Análisis de regresión múltiple revelaron que algunas dimensiones del CPT a largo plazo se asociaron significativamente de forma lineal o de U invertida con las actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas, de manera que un mayor nivel de crecimiento espiritual se asociaba con un mayor nivel total de actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas y un mayor nivel de nueva valoración de la vida se asociaba con un nivel moderado total de actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas y, especialmente, de actitudes de cronificación del malestar. Sin embargo, el CPT a largo plazo no se asoció con las actitudes disfuncionales depresivas. Conclusión: Los resultados subrayan la importancia de las actitudes básicas en el CPT y ofrecen apoyo a la hipótesis de que, con el paso del tiempo, las actitudes básicas positivas de muchas de las personas que han experimentado un acontecimiento traumático se reconstruyen, pero incorporando actitudes negativas o disfuncionales, lo que supone que un cierto nivel de actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas podría ser una condición necesaria para el CPT a largo plazo.(AU)

Relationships of the Big Five facets and dysfunctional attitudes with depression.

There are two parallel lines of research on the relationship between personality and depression, one based on the Big Five personality model and one on Beck's cognitive theory of depression. However, no study has jointly examined the dimensions and facets of the Big Five and the dysfunctional attitudes of Beck's theory. This was the objective of the present study. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-A), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) were applied to 221 adults from the Spanish general population (53.7% females; mean age: 38.3 years). Various multiple linear regression analyses revealed that only the facet of depression was significantly related to depressive symptomatology. The different associations of the broad and specific personality traits and the need to control as many third variables as possible to prevent the finding of spurious relationships are discussed.

Complicated Grief in a Spanish Sample of Victims of Terrorism: Evidence of Validity of the Inventory of Complicated Grief.

The Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) is the most widely used instrument to measure complicated grief (CG), but its psychometric properties have hardly been examined in relatives of those who died by violent means. The objective of this study was to obtain evidence of validity of the ICG in a relatives of those who died due to terrorist attacks in Spain. The factorial structure, internal consistency, and relationship with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were analyzed in a Spanish sample of 211 relatives of people who died in terrorist attacks. The ICG presented a one-factor structure that supports the validity of its total score. This score showed excellent internal consistency indices (alpha = .927; omega = .932) and adequate correlation indices with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress (r = .71, .63 and .76, respectively). The ICG provides reliable and valid measures of CG in adults who have lost a family member due to violent death.

Long-Term Posttraumatic Growth in Victims of Terrorism in Spain.

Background: Scientific literature on posttraumatic growth (PTG) after terrorist attacks has primarily focused on persons who had not been directly exposed to terrorist attacks or persons who had been directly exposed to them, but who were assessed few months or years after the attacks. Methods: We examined long-term PTG in 210 adults directly exposed to terrorist attacks in Spain a mean of 29.6 years after the attacks (range: 2-47 years). The participants had been injured by a terrorist attack (38.6%) or were first-degree relatives of people who had been killed or injured by a terrorist attack (41.4% and 20%, respectively). They completed diagnostic measures of emotional disorders and measures of PTSD and depression symptomatology, optimism, and PTG. Results: Multiple regression analyses revealed gender differences (women reported higher levels of PTG than did men) and a positive linear relationship between PTG and cumulative trauma after the terrorist attack. Some PTG dimensions were significantly associated with PTSD symptomatology, these associations being linear, not curvilinear. However, PTG was not associated with depression symptomatology, diagnosis of emotional disorders, age, elapsed time since the attack, or optimism. In comparison with survivors assessed 18 years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, Spanish victims of terrorism showed higher levels of appreciation of life, but lower levels of relating to others and spiritual change. Conclusion: The findings underscore the influence of gender on PTG and provide support to the hypothesis that some emotional distress may be a necessary condition of PTG. Future studies on PTG after terrorist attacks should take into consideration the characteristics of the terrorist attack itself and the contexts of violence and threat in which it occurred. The political, social, and cultural characteristics of the community affected by it and the profile and characteristics of other traumatic events suffered after the attack should also be taken into account in further research.

Dysfunctional Attitudes in Victims of Terrorism: Validity Evidence for the DAS-A.

BACKGROUND: The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Form A (DAS-A), is the reference instrument for measuring dysfunctional attitudes which, according to Beck's cognitive theory, constitute the key vulnerability factor for depression. The psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the DAS-A have been examined in university students, but not in people with psychological disorders, despite being one of the most widely-used instruments in research and clinical practice of cognitive therapy for depression. The objective of the present study was to obtain validity evidence for the DAS-A in victims of terrorism with and without emotional disorders. METHOD: The DAS-A's factor structure, internal consistency, and relationship with depression were analyzed in 196 victims of terrorism with emotional disorders and 280 victims without disorders. RESULTS: In both samples, the DAS-A exhibited a structure with three correlated factors: Achievement-Perfectionism, Dependency-Need for Approval, and Autonomous Attitude. In general, the total scale and the subscales showed good or adequate indices of internal consistency (alphas and omegas = .60 - .89) and a relationship with depression ( r =.22 - .44). CONCLUSIONS: The DAS-A provides reliable, valid measures of depressogenic dysfunctional attitudes in Spanish adults with emotional disorders and victims of terrorism.

Dysfunctional Attitudes in Victims of Terrorism: Validity Evidence for the DAS-A / Actitudes Disfuncionales en Víctimas del Terrorismo: Evidencias deValidez de la DAS-A

Background: The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Form A (DAS-A), isthe reference instrument for measuring dysfunctional attitudes which,according to Beck’s cognitive theory, constitute the key vulnerabilityfactor for depression. The psychometric properties of the Spanish versionof the DAS-A have been examined in university students, but not inpeople with psychological disorders, despite being one of the most widely-used instruments in research and clinical practice of cognitive therapyfor depression. The objective of the present study was to obtain validity evidence for the DAS-A in victims of terrorism with and without emotional disorders. Method: The DAS-A’s factor structure, internal consistency,and relationship with depression were analyzed in 196 victims of terrorism with emotional disorders and 280 victims without disorders. Results: In both samples, the DAS-A exhibited a structure with three correlatedfactors: Achievement-Perfectionism, Dependency-Need for Approval, and Autonomous Attitude. In general, the total scale and the subscales showedgood or adequate indices of internal consistency (alphas and omegas = .60- .89) and a relationship with depression (r =.22 - .44). Conclusions: TheDAS-A provides reliable, valid measures of depressogenic dysfunctionalattitudes in Spanish adults with emotional disorders and victims ofterrorism.

Antecedentes: la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales,Forma A (DAS-A), es el instrumento de referencia para medir las actitudes disfuncionales que, según la teoría cognitiva de Beck, constituyen el factorde vulnerabilidad clave para la depresión. Las propiedades psicométricasde la versión española de la DAS-A han sido examinadas en estudiantesuniversitarios, pero no en personas con trastornos psicológicos, a pesar deser uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en la investigación y prácticaclínica de la terapia cognitiva de la depresión. El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener evidencias de validez de la DAS-A en víctimas delterrorismo con y sin trastornos emocionales. Método: se analizó laestructura factorial, consistencia interna y relación con la depresión en196 víctimas con trastornos emocionales y 280 sin trastornos.Resultados: la DAS-A presenta, en las dos muestras, una estructura de tres factores correlacionados: logro-perfeccionismo, dependencia-necesidad deaprobación y actitud autónoma. La escala total y las subescalas mostraron,en general, índices buenos o adecuados de consistencia interna (alfasy omegas= .60 - .89) y de relación con la depresión (r = .22 - .44).Conclusiones: la DAS-A proporciona medidas fiables y válidas de las actitudes disfuncionales depresógenas en adultos españoles con trastornos emocionales y en víctimas del terrorismo.

Desarrollo de la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Traumáticas (EADT) para víctimas de terrorismo / Development of the traumatic dysfunctional attitude scale (EADT) for victims of terrorism

Introduction and objectives. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological disorder in victims of terrorism. Cognitive models of PTSD postulate that dysfunctional attitudes play a fundamental role in its etiology, maintenance, and treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a self-report instrument to assess traumatic dysfunctional attitudes typical of victims of terrorism: the Traumatic Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EADT by its original Spanish acronym). Materials and method. The EADT items were extracted from 480 recorded hours of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy administered to 59 victims of terrorism with PTSD and after an analysis of items’ content and intelligibility by a group of psychologists. A preliminary 84-item version was administered to a sample of 253 victims of terrorism along with measures of PTSD, depression, and depressive dysfunctional attitudes. Results. A series of factorial and reliability analyses on the preliminary version allowed one to arrive at a definitive version composed of 34 items and three correlated factors: dangerous world, negative view of society and the human being, and chronicity of distress. The psychometric analyses of the definitive version revealed good evidence concerning the internal structure of the test, score internal consistency, the differentiation of known groups, and the relationships with conceptually related constructs. Conclusions. The EADT is a simple instrument whose scores have good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess, both in research and applied contexts, the dysfunctional attitudes that victims of terrorism may present.

Introducción y objetivos. El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es el trastorno psicológico más frecuente en las víctimas del terrorismo. Los modelos cognitivos del TEPT postulan que las actitudes disfuncionales desempeñan un papel fundamental en su etiología, mantenimiento y tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento de autoinforme para evaluar las actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas específicas de las víctimas del terrorismo: la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Traumáticas (EADT). Materiales y método. Los ítems de la EADT fueron extraídos de 480 horas grabadas de terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma aplicada a 59 víctimas del terrorismo con TEPT y tras un análisis del contenido e inteligibilidad de los ítems por un grupo de psicólogos. Una versión preliminar de 84 ítems se aplicó a una muestra de 253 víctimas del terrorismo junto con medidas de TEPT, depresión y actitudes disfuncionales depresivas. Resultados. Una serie de análisis factoriales y de fiabilidad sobre la versión preliminar permitió llegar a una versión definitiva compuesta por 34 ítems y tres factores correlacionados: mundo peligroso, visión negativa de la sociedad y del ser humano, y cronificación del malestar. Los análisis psicométricos de la versión definitiva revelaron buenos datos empíricos para la estructura interna de la EADT, la consistencia interna de sus puntuaciones, la diferenciación de grupos contrastados y las relaciones con constructos conceptualmente relacionados. Conclusiones. La EADT es un instrumento sencillo cuyas medidas presentan buenas propiedades psicométricas y pueden ser útiles para evaluar, tanto en contextos de investigación como aplicados, las actitudes disfuncionales que pueden presentar las víctimas del terrorismo.

La Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL) en víctimas del terrorismo: análisis comparativo de las propiedades psicométricas de su aplicación telefónica frente a presencial / The PTSD Checklist (PCL) in victims of terrorism: Comparative analysis of the psychometric properties of its administration by telephone vs. in person

Introducción y objetivos: En muchas situaciones tales como las de confinamiento provocadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19, es imposible aplicar los instrumentos psicológicos presencialmente, como originalmente se concibieron. Sin embargo, el modo de aplicación puede afectar a las propiedades psicométricas de las medidas de un instrumento. La Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (del inglés PTSD Checklist; en adelante PCL) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar presencialmente la sintomatología del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Este es el primer estudio que analiza y compara la estructura factorial, consistencia interna y validez diagnóstica, nomológica y de grupos contrastados de las medidas de la PCL aplicada presencial y telefónicamente. Material y métodos: Se administró la PCL en ambos formatos a una muestra de 634 personas víctimas del terrorismo junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: Las puntuaciones de ambas formas de aplicación de la PCL presentan una misma estructura unifactorial, índices excelentes de consistencia interna (alfa > .90) e índices muy buenos de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90); ambas discriminan significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88–2.84) entre víctimas con TEPT, con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y sin trastornos, y ambas presentan correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de otros constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación: depresión y ansiedad. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la PCL se puede aplicar telefónicamente con las mismas garantías psicométricas que presencialmente.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: In many situations, such as confinement situations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not possible to administer psychological instruments in person, as originally contemplated in their development. However, the mode of administration can affect the psychometric properties of instrument scores. The PTSD Checklist (PCL) is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in person. This study is the first research that has analyzed and compared the factorial structure, the internal consistency, the validity of contrasted groups, the diagnostic validity, and the nomological validity of scores on the PCL administered in person and by telephone. Material and methods: The PCL was administered in both application modes to a sample of 634 victims of terrorism along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results: Scores on both administration modes of the PCL have the same unifactorial structure, excellent indexes of internal consistency (alpha > .90) and very good indexes of diagnostic validity to identify the PTSD (AUC > .90), discriminate significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88–2.84) between victims with PTSD, with depressive or anxiety disorders and without disorders, and present significant and large correlations with measures of other constructs with which PTSD is closely related, namely depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The results suggest that the PCL can be administered over the telephone with the same psychometric guarantees as in person.(AU)

Adaptation and Validation of a Questionnaire to Evaluate Knowledge of the Low Phe Diet in PKU.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism, causing a build-up of Phe in the body. Treatment consists of a Phe-restricted diet for life and regular determination of blood Phe levels to monitor the intake of Phe. Despite the fact that diet is the cornerstone of treatment, there are no studies examining common knowledge about food items and whether they are allowed as part of the PKU diet. Improving parents' and patients' knowledge and competence about the diet enables them to make appropriate food choices. This study validates a food-knowledge questionnaire first developed in Spanish and modified for English speaking populations. The questionnaire potentially helps parents to prepare appropriate meals and healthcare providers to create individualized educational programs about PKU for children and adolescents with this disorder.

Growing Up With Terrorism: The Age at Which a Terrorist Attack Was Suffered and Emotional Disorders in Adulthood.

Abundant scientific literature shows that exposure to traumatic situations during childhood or adolescence has long-term psychopathological consequences, for example, in the form of a higher prevalence of emotional disorders in adulthood. However, an evolutionary perspective suggests that there may be differential vulnerabilities depending on the age at which the trauma was suffered. As there are no studies on the psychopathological impact in adulthood of attacks suffered during childhood or adolescence, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the age at which a terrorist attack was suffered in the presence of emotional disorders many years after the attack. A sample of 566 direct and indirect victims of terrorist attacks in Spain was recruited, of whom 50 people were between the age of 3 and 9 when they suffered the attack, 46 were between 10 and 17 years old, and 470 were adults. All of them underwent a structured diagnostic interview (SCID-I-VC) an average of 21 years after the attacks. No significant differences were found between the three age groups at which the attack occurred in terms of the current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, or anxiety disorders. The results of several multiple binary logistic regression analyses also indicated that, after controlling for the effect of sex, current age, the type of victims, and the time since the attack, the age at which the attack was suffered was not related to the current prevalence of those emotional disorders. The results are discussed concerning the differences between various types of trauma and in the context of the theories that propose that traumatic experiences are processed differently at different ages and can lead to differences in the likelihood of developing different emotional disorders.

Desarrollo de una versión breve de la PTSD Checklist (PCL) basada en la definición de trastorno de estrés postraumático de la CIE-11 / Development of a short version of the PTSD (PCL) based on the ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder

Introducción y objetivos. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue desarrollar, a partir de la Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL), una medida de autoinforme de la sintomatología de estrés postraumático basada en los criterios sintomáticos de la CIE-11 para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron siete ítems de la PCL para formar la PCL-CIE-11 y se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de 634 víctimas del terrorismo a las que se aplicó la versión específica de la PCL (PCL-S) junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados. La PCL-CIE-11 muestra una estructura unifactorial con buenos índices de ajuste que se replica en dos submuestras de víctimas creadas aleatoriamente a partir de la muestra global, y presenta índices excelentes o muy buenos de consistencia interna (α > .85) y de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90 y kappa ≥ .75). La escala también discrimina significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) entre víctimas con TEPT, víctimas con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y víctimas sin trastornos, presenta correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de depresión y ansiedad, dos constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación, y muestra una correlación muy elevada, de .95, con la PCL-S completa. Conclusiones. La PCL-CIE-11 es una versión breve de la PCL-S que presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser útil para evaluar la presencia y gravedad de la sintomatología del TEPT tanto desde la perspectiva del DSM como de la CIE-11.(AU)

Introduction and objectives. The main objective of the present study was to develop, from the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms based on the ICD-11 symptomatic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Material and methods. Seven PCL items were selected to develop the PCL-ICD-11, and its psychometric properties were analyzed in a sample of 634 victims of terrorism who completed the specific version of the PCL (PCL-S) along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results. The results indicate that the PCL-ICD-11 shows a unifactorial structure with good fit indices that is replicated in two subsamples of victims created randomly from the global sample. The PCL-ICD-11 shows excellent indices of internal consistency (α > .85) and very good indices of diagnostic validity to identify PTSD (AUC > .90 and kappa ≥ .75), discriminates significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) between victims with PTSD, victims with depressive or anxiety disorders and victims without disorders, presents significant and large correlations with measures of depression and anxiety, two constructs with which PTSD it is closely related, and shows a very high correlation of .95 with the complete PCL-S. Conclusions. The PCL-ICD-11 is a short version of the PCL-S that has good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess the presence and severity of PTSD symptoms from both the DSM and ICD-11 perspectives.(AU)