ABSTRACT
IntroductionHealth service use among the general public can decline during infectious disease outbreaks and has been predicted among low and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) implemented public health measures across Kinshasa, including strict lockdown measures in the Gombe health zone, to mitigate impact of the pandemic. MethodsUsing data from the Health Management Information System (January 2018 - December 2020), we evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the use of essential health services (total visits, maternal health, vaccinations, visits for common infectious diseases, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases) using interrupted time series with mixed effects segmented Poisson regression models during the first wave of the pandemic. Analyses were stratified by age, sex, health facility, and neighbourhood. ResultsHealth service use dropped rapidly following the start of the pandemic and ranged from 16% for hypertension diagnoses to 39% for diabetes diagnoses. However, reductions were highly concentrated in Gombe (81% decline in total visits) relative to health zones without lockdown. When the lockdown was lifted, total visits, visits for infectious diseases, and diagnoses for non-communicable diseases increased approximately two-fold. Hospitals were more affected than health centres. Overall, the use of maternal health services and vaccinations was not significantly affected. ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in important reductions in health service utilisation in Kinshasa, particularly Gombe. Lifting of lockdown led to a rebound in the level of health service use but it remained lower than pre-pandemic levels. Summary BoxO_ST_ABSWhat is already known about this subjectC_ST_ABSO_LISubstantial declines in the use of health services among the general public have been well-documented during previous outbreaks of infectious diseases. C_LIO_LIModelled studies predicted substantial increases in morbidity and mortality in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) mainly due to expected declines in the use of health services among the general public. C_LIO_LIOnly a small number of studies have so far evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of health services in LMICs and none have also evaluated both the implementation and lifting of lockdown measures. C_LI What are the new findingsO_LIThis study found that overall use of health services declined in Kinshasa but was most pronounced in the Gombe health zone which was subject to strict lockdown measures. C_LIO_LISome health services were more affected than others, most notably visits and tests for malaria and visits for new diagnoses of non-communicable diseases. Maternal and child health services were relatively unaffected. C_LIO_LIWhen the lockdown measures were lifted, health service utilization rebounded but remained at levels lower than those observed pre-pandemic. C_LI What do the new findings implyO_LIThe COVID-19 pandemic has likely had important effects on the use of health services among the general public throughout LMICs. However, evidence from Kinshasa suggests the effects may not be as widespread as previously assumed. C_LIO_LIThe impact of strict social distancing measures needs on COVID-19 outcomes needs to be weighed off against the potential population-level health effects of these policies in various international contexts. C_LI
