ABSTRACT
Inhibiting signal transduction induced by inflammatory cytokines offers a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Kinase inhibitors have shown promising oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug potential with efficacy similar to anti-TNF biologics. Direct and indirect inhibition of the JAKs, with small molecule inhibitors like CP-690,550 and INCB018424 or neutralizing Abs, such as the anti-IL6 receptor Ab tocilizumab, have demonstrated rapid and sustained improvement in clinical measures of disease, consistent with their respective preclinical experiments. Therefore, it is of interest to identify optimized JAK inhibitors with unique profiles to maximize therapeutic opportunities. INCB028050 is a selective orally bioavailable JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with nanomolar potency against JAK1 (5.9 nM) and JAK2 (5.7 nM). INCB028050 inhibits intracellular signaling of multiple proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-23 at concentrations <50 nM. Significant efficacy, as assessed by improvements in clinical, histologic and radiographic signs of disease, was achieved in the rat adjuvant arthritis model with doses of INCB028050 providing partial and/or periodic inhibition of JAK1/JAK2 and no inhibition of JAK3. Diminution of inflammatory Th1 and Th17 associated cytokine mRNA levels was observed in the draining lymph nodes of treated rats. INCB028050 was also effective in multiple murine models of arthritis, with no evidence of suppression of humoral immunity or adverse hematologic effects. These data suggest that fractional inhibition of JAK1 and JAK2 is sufficient for significant activity in autoimmune disease models. Clinical evaluation of INCB028050 in RA is ongoing.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology , Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/enzymology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Cell Line , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Female , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors , Inflammation Mediators/physiology , Janus Kinase 1/physiology , Janus Kinase 2/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred DBA , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/immunologyABSTRACT
Employing phenylmalonitrile dianion chemistry, a large number of analogues of MEK inhibitor lead SH053 (IC(50)=140 nM) were rapidly synthesized leading to single digit nM inhibitors, displaying submicromolar AP-1 transcription inhibition in COS-7 cells. Compound 41, exhibiting a MEK IC(50)=12 nM showed ip activity in a TPA-induced ear edema model with an ED(50)=5 mg/kg.
Subject(s)
Butadienes/chemical synthesis , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitriles/chemical synthesis , Animals , COS Cells , Chlorocebus aethiops , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
By co-expressing glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and transcriptional reporter systems in GR-deficient Cos-7 cells, we profiled potency and efficacy of a panel of GR ligands as a function of GR expression levels (density). Our results show that potency and efficacy for GR full agonists, such as dexamethasone, in these transrepression assays are affected by receptor density. Intriguingly, receptor density dramatically influenced the behavior of the GR antagonist RU486 or the GR agonist medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). At high receptor density, both MPA and RU486 behaved as full agonists in transrepression: reducing GR density, however, resulted in conversion of these ligands from full agonist to full antagonists. In contrast, varying GR density could not convert cortisol and budesonide from GR agonists to antagonists. These results have clearly demonstrated, for the first time, an effect of receptor density on the agonist and antagonist properties of RU486 and MPA in GR-mediated transrepression.
Subject(s)
Ligands , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/drug effects , Repressor Proteins/drug effects , Steroids/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Budesonide/pharmacology , COS Cells , Chlorocebus aethiops , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Humans , Hydrocortisone/pharmacology , Luciferases/genetics , Luciferases/metabolism , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/agonists , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/antagonists & inhibitors , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/pharmacokinetics , Mifepristone/agonists , Mifepristone/antagonists & inhibitors , Mifepristone/pharmacokinetics , NF-kappa B/genetics , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Steroids/agonists , Steroids/antagonists & inhibitors , Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Transcription, Genetic/physiology , Transcriptional Activation/drug effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
A homogenous high-throughput assay has been developed to measure the binding between nuclear receptors and test compounds. This assay applies a fluorescence polarization (FP) detection method using human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a model system. Crude receptor extract, which requires no additional purification, is used in the assay. The binding conditions (i.e., DMSO tolerance, temperature, stability, and variability) have been investigated and validated. At the optimized conditions, a signal-to-background ratio of 2:1 and a Z'-factor of 0.7 was achieved in a 384-well format. Several known strong and weak GR ligands have been evaluated in this system. Possible interference of fluorescent compounds and methods to identify false positives are also discussed. This FP-based assay system can potentially be used for many soluble nuclear receptors in high-throughput binding assays.
