ABSTRACT
In enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), sigma factor N (σ(N)) regulates glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE); discrete genetic systems that are required for transmission and virulence of this intestinal pathogen. Regulation of these systems requires nitrogen regulatory protein C, NtrC, and is a consequence of NtrC-σ(N) -dependent reduction in the activity of sigma factor S (σ(S)). This study elucidates pathway components and stimuli for σ(N)-directed regulation of GDAR and the LEE in EHEC. Deletion of fliZ, the product of which reduces σ(S) activity, phenocopied rpoN (σ(N)) and ntrC null strains for GDAR and LEE control, acid resistance, and adherence. Upregulation of fliZ by NtrC-σ(N) was shown to be indirect and required an intact flagellar regulator flhDC. Activation of flhDC by NtrC-σ(N) and FlhDC-dependent regulation of GDAR and the LEE was dependent on σ(N)-promoter flhDP 2 , and a newly described NtrC upstream activator sequence. Addition of ammonium chloride significantly altered expression of GDAR and LEE, acid resistance, and adherence, independently of rpoN, ntrC, and the NtrC sensor kinase, ntrB. Altering the availability of NtrC phosphodonor acetyl phosphate by growth without glucose, with acetate addition, or by deletion of acetate kinase ackA, abrogated NtrC-σ(N)-dependent control of flhDC, fliZ, GDAR, and the LEE.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , Organophosphates/metabolism , Phosphoproteins , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Sigma Factor/metabolism , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Carboxylic Acids/metabolism , Drug Tolerance , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/genetics , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/metabolism , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Gene Deletion , Glutamates/metabolism , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Transcriptional ActivationABSTRACT
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is dependent on acid resistance for gastric passage and low oral infectious dose, and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) for intestinal colonization. Mutation of rpoN, encoding sigma factor N (σ(N)), dramatically alters the growth-phase dependent regulation of both acid resistance and the LEE. This study reports on the determinants of σ(N)-directed acid resistance and LEE expression, and the underlying mechanism attributable to this phenotype. Glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) in TW14359ΔrpoN correlated with increased expression of the gadX-gadW regulatory circuit during exponential growth, whereas upregulation of arginine-dependent acid resistance (ADAR) genes adiA and adiC in TW14359ΔrpoN did not confer acid resistance by the ADAR mechanism. LEE regulatory (ler), structural (espA and cesT) and effector (tir) genes were downregulated in TW14359ΔrpoN, and mutation of rpoS encoding sigma factor 38 (σ(S)) in TW14359ΔrpoN restored acid resistance and LEE genes to WT levels. Stability, but not the absolute level, of σ(S) was increased in TW14359ΔrpoN; however, increased stability was not solely attributable to the GDAR and LEE expression phenotype. Complementation of TW14359ΔrpoN with a σ(N) allele that binds RNA polymerase (RNAP) but not DNA, did not restore WT levels of σ(S) stability, gadE, ler or GDAR, indicating a dependence on transcription from a σ(N) promoter(s) and not RNAP competition for the phenotype. Among a library of σ(N) enhancer binding protein mutants, only TW14359ΔntrC, inactivated for nitrogen regulatory protein NtrC, phenocopied TW14359ΔrpoN for σ(S) stability, GDAR and ler expression. The results of this study suggest that during exponential growth, NtrC-σ(N) regulate GDAR and LEE expression through downregulation of σ(S) at the post-translational level; likely by altering σ(S) stability or activity. The regulatory interplay between NtrC, other EBPs, and σ(N)-σ(S), represents a mechanism by which EHEC can coordinate GDAR, LEE expression and other cellular functions, with nitrogen availability and physiologic stimuli.
