ABSTRACT
Seventy-five Escherichia coli isolates with at least one targeted virulence gene were recovered from 338 lambs with (n=230) and without (n=108) diarrhoea. The isolates belonged to 36 different serogroups. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was isolated from 9.6% of lambs with and 24.1% of lambs without diarrhoea. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was isolated from 6.1% of lambs with and 11.1% of lambs without diarrhoea. Of 26 EPEC isolates, seven were typical (positive for bfpA), and, of 34 stx(1) positive isolates, 25 were subtyped as stx(1c). Five of 29 stx(2) positive isolates were subtyped as stx(2d) and two as stx(2c). Seven of 45 eae positive isolates were subtyped as eae subtype zeta (eaezeta). This appears to be the first report of the isolation of typical EPEC from sheep in India.
Subject(s)
Diarrhea/veterinary , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/microbiology , Shiga Toxins/genetics , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/genetics , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Bacterial Typing Techniques/veterinary , Diarrhea/microbiology , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , India , Sheep , Shiga Toxins/metabolism , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Virulence/geneticsABSTRACT
AIMS: To determine the subtypes of stx and eae genes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from calves and to ascertain the typical and atypical nature of EPEC. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven faecal samples from 134 diarrhoeic and 53 healthy calves were investigated for the presence of stx, eae and ehxA virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subtype analysis of stx(1) exhibited stx(1c) in 13 (31.70%) isolates, while that of stx(2) revealed stx(2c) in eight (24.24%) and stx(2d) in two (6.06%) isolates. Subtyping of eae gene showed the presence of eae-beta, eae-eta and eae-zeta in two, three and four isolates respectively. None of the E. coli isolates possessed stx(2e), stx(2f), eae-alpha, eae-delta, eae-epsilon and eae-xi. All EPEC isolates were atypical. CONCLUSIONS: stx(1), stx(1c), stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d), eae-beta, eae-eta and eae-zeta subtypes are prevalent in STEC and EPEC isolates in India. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first subtype analysis of stx(2) and eae genes of animal E. coli isolates in India and emphasizes the need to investigate their transmission to humans.
Subject(s)
Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Genetic Variation , Shiga Toxin/genetics , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/genetics , Adhesins, Bacterial/biosynthesis , Adhesins, Bacterial/classification , Animals , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Cattle , Diarrhea/microbiology , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/classification , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Escherichia coli Proteins/biosynthesis , Escherichia coli Proteins/classification , Feces/microbiology , Genotype , Hemolysin Proteins/biosynthesis , Hemolysin Proteins/genetics , India , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Shiga Toxin/biosynthesis , Shiga Toxin/classification , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/classificationABSTRACT
Combined pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma-ganglioma is a rare neoplasm, occurring in patients younger than 30 years. The clinical course of these tumors is difficult to predict because of their rarity. We report a case of combined pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma-ganglioma that, in addition to the patient's age, is unusual in several respects. The lesion was located in the cerebellar vermis of a 60-year-old man and was radiographically solid. Histologically, there was an admixture of markedly pleomorphic astrocytic cells and neoplastic ganglion cells, with permeation of the overlying leptomeninges and surrounding cerebellum. In addition, there was focal capillary endothelial proliferation. There was no necrosis, and mitotic activity was rare at 1 mitotic figure per 40 high-power fields. The patient underwent a near gross total resection and postoperative radiotherapy and remains well through 16 months of follow-up.
Subject(s)
Astrocytoma/pathology , Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology , Ganglioglioma/pathology , Astrocytoma/metabolism , Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism , Cerebellum/chemistry , Cerebellum/pathology , Ganglioglioma/metabolism , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Middle Aged , Synaptophysin/analysisABSTRACT
Traumatic injury to axons was modeled in vitro using sympathetic principal neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion. Neurons were grown as a pure culture on collagen in parallel tracks, with cell somata confined to the center, and neurites occupying the periphery of the culture dish. Growing as fascicles on tracks, the neurites demonstrated periodic varicosities. Neuritic transection was reliably and reproducibly achieved with a motor driven rubber impactor injury device. During a period lasting at least 1 h, dieback involving the proximal neurites averaged 105 +/- 10 microm. This was followed by neurite regeneration, with the injured segment being traversed within 36 h at an average rate of regeneration of 595 +/- 15 microm/day. The distal neurite segments showed degenerative changes within 1 h following transection, with initial receding of neurites progressing to vacuolation, beading, blebbing, and eventual detachment from the underlying matrix. This in vitro model of axonal injury allows neuritic injury to be studied at the cellular and molecular levels, and also provides a unique opportunity to test potential neuromodulatory and neuroprotective strategies.
