Sous-vide processing of silver carp: Effect of processing temperature and cold storage duration on the microbial quality of the product as well as modeling by artificial neural networks.

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrixi) was processed by sous-vide method at different temperatures (60, 65, 70, and 75°C). Then, the microbiological quality of the processed samples was monitored during cold storage (4°C) for 21 days. The target microorganisms were Enterobacteriaceae, Lactic Acid bacteria (LAB), Pseudomonas, Psychrotrophs, and total viable count (TVC). In samples processed at 75°C, the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Psychrotrophs were not detectable up to 15 days of storage and lactic acid bacteria were not detectable even at the end of the storage period. A radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model was established to predict the changes in the microbial content of silver carp. In this step, the relationship between processing temperature and storage duration on microbial growth was modeled by ANNs (artificial neural networks). The optimal ANN topology for modeling Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Psychrotroph contained 9 neurons in the hidden layer, but it contained 15 and 14 neurons for TVC and LAB, respectively. By experimenting with the temperature of -80°C, it was revealed that the obtained ANN model has a high potential for prediction.

Notes on the Nest Architecture and Colony Composition in Winter of the Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), in Its Introduced Habitat in Galicia (NW Spain).

Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, giving rise to a pan-European invasion, altering the environment, affecting ecosystem processes, and impacting society. During winter, V. velutina nests (n = 3) were collected in Galicia and data on internal and external aspects of the nests and the colony as a whole were collected. The whole colony population (WCPN; adult insects, larvae, and pupae in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 176 (49%, 3%, and 48%); nest B: n = 1979 (52%, 36%, and 12%); and nest C: n = 662 (5%, 27%, and 8%). The adult insect population (IAPN; males, workers, and gynes in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 87 (11%, 66%, and 23%); nest B: n = 1021 (3%, 62%, and 35%); and nest C: n = 430 (20%, 73%, and 7%). As a small number of queens is sufficient for a population to develop, it is necessary to avoid continued spread by deactivating and removing all nests, even those detected in winter. This practice can be of greatest importance in border areas where V. velutina is expanding into new territory.

Aspectos toxicológicos del consumo de bebidas refrescantes que contienen quinina / Toxicological aspects of the consumption of soft drinks containing quinine

En España, la producción total de bebidas refrescantes en 2005 ascendió a 4.887 millones de litros. Estos datos representan un incremento del 2,5 % con respecto al año 2004. Del total de la producción industrial,98822 litros (2,02%) corresponden a bebidas refrescantes tipo tónica. En términos toxicológicos el consumo de quinina debe ser evitado por mujeres embarazadas, individuos con cuadro de fallo hepático y muy especialmente por niños. Se han descrito incluso episodios de alergias y shocks anafilácticos derivados de una única ingesta de esta sustancia. Ya el consumo de quinina en dosis excesivas, puede causar un cuadro de intoxicación reversible denominado cinchonismo. Creemos necesario una regulación más específica y mayor información para los consumidores, especialmente para ciertos grupos de riesgo. De los resultados de muestras analizadas en España, tanto de la concentración hallada como de las normas relativas a su etiquetado, se desprende que no hay una concentración homogénea de la substancia analizada, ni un cumplimiento de la legislación establecida (AU)

In Spain, total production of soft drinks in 2005 amounted to 4887 million liters. These, represent an increase of 2.5% compared to the year 2004. Of the total industrial output, 98,822 liters (2.02%) corresponding to soft drinks type tonic water. Toxicologically, quinine is important and should be avoided by pregnant women and people with hepatic failure, and remains a potentially extremely toxic agent in children. Also allergy to quinine and anaphylactic shock after drinking a glass of tonic water has been described. The use of quinine in therapeutic or excessive consumes may cause cinchonism syndrome. We believe there is a need for more extensive information for risk groups and to raise awareness among consumers about possible adverse reactions to quinine. Data show that quinine concentrations in the analyzed beverages from Spain is variable. Soft drinks from different manufactures do not always comply with the labelling directive (AU)