[Clinical and psychometric characteristics of cognitive and negative disorders in schizophrenia]. / Klinicheskie i psikhometricheskie osobennosti kognitivnykh i negativnykh rasstroistv pri shizofrenii.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the characteristics of clinical manifestations and cognitive tests in patients with schizophrenia, with a predominance of cognitive and negative disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 76 patients, 66 in the main group, 10 in the comparison group, who were treated in Psychiatric Hospital No. 1 and Psychiatric Hospital No. 4 (Moscow). Clinical-psychopathological, psychometric and statistical methods were used. Features of cognitive functioning were studied using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Screen (ECAS). Emotional intelligence scores were assessed using the Ekman Face Emotion Recognition (EFER) test. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed dominance of one of 3 types of deficit symptoms: cognitive, emotional, and volitional. Cognitive functions were significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia when compared with the comparison group (mean FAB score (M±SD) 13.44±2.97 in patients with schizophrenia vs. 16.10±1.70 in the comparison group; t=4.10; p<0.001). Cognitive functions were particularly reduced in patients with volitional deficit (mean EFER total score 42.40±9.0 in patients with volitional deficit vs. 47.21±633 in patients with cognitive deficit; t=2.12; p=0.039; mean FAB score 12.83±3.29 in patients with volitional deficit vs. 16.10±1.70 in the comparison group; t=4.24; p<0.001; mean ECAS score specific to ALS 78.80±9.07 in patients with volitional deficit vs. 84.50±6.71 in the comparison group; t=2.18; p=0.034). CONCLUSION: The greatest contribution to the development of cognitive disorders in schizophrenia is made by dysfunction of frontal (especially) and temporal cortex. Executive functions, speech skills and verbal fluency are most severely damaged.

[Risk factors for the formation of congenital hyperplasia of blood vessels (infantile hemangioma)]. / Faktory riska obrazovaniya vrozhdennoi giperplazii krovenosnykh sosudov (infantil'noi gemangiomy).

OBJECTIVE: The aim the study. To identify correlations between the development of blood vessel hyperplasia (GCS) and risk factors in pregnant women. To identify correlations between the development of blood vessel hyperplasia (GCS) and risk factors in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A selective retrospective analysis of 173 case histories and outpatient records of patients of the Clinic of Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry of the Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery for 2011-2021 was carried out. The obstetric history of the mother, chronic diseases of mothers during pregnancy and bad habits were studied. The interrelation of the influencing unfavorable factor on the isolation, prevalence and vastness of foci of infantile hemangioma was determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There was no statistically significant relationship between the harmful habits of the mother and the number of lesions, as well as the isolation of the lesion of the mandibular-facial region (CHLO) and the prevalence of the process in the child. It was found that the prevalence of the process, the isolation of the lesion and the number of foci of CHLO did not have a reliable relationship with the complicated course of pregnancy in the mother. A reliable relationship was revealed between the number of lesions in the CHLO and chronic hypoxia, between the number of defects of the cardiovascular system and the prevalence of the process. But there was no reliable relationship between the number of CCC lesions and the number of lesions. 24 patients out of 173 were premature. In these patients, a statistical severity to the occurrence of GCS was revealed. There was no reliable relationship between the genetic predisposition on the line of both parents and the prevalence of the process, with the isolation of the lesion of CHLO and with the number of foci of CHLO lesions. CONCLUSION: Prematurity, chronic hypoxia, multiple malformations of the fetal cardiovascular system are risk factors for the development of vascular hyperplasia in children.

[Problems of insufficient control of target blood pressure levels in the outpatient practice].

AIM: Assessment of the frequency of reaching the target level of blood pressure (BP) and the factors affecting it in outpatients with arterial hypertension (AH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open, one-stage, comparative study involving 64 patients with hypertension and 47 without hypertension at the age of 40 to 59 years. All patients underwent physical examination, assessment of cardiovascular risk (CVR), 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography (ECHOCG), color duplex scanning of brachiocephalic arteries. RESULTS: Patients with hypertension and comparison groups were comparable in age, sex, smoking, history of myocardial infarction. 1st degree of hypertension was present in 26.6%, 2nd in 40.6%, 3rd in 12.5% of patients. Obesity was detected in 24.3% of patients and all patients with obesity had AH. The SCORE score in individuals with hypertension was 4.94.5; in the comparison group, 2.32.6 (p0.001). Non-stenosing atherosclerosis was present in 54.8% and 88%, p=0.020, and atherosclerotic plaque in the vascular lumen was present in 45.3% and 12% of patients with and without hypertension, respectively (p0.001). 68.8% were constantly treated, and the target BP was reached in 31.3% of patients with hypertension. Male gender (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.6828.49; p=0.007), obesity (OR 4.78; 95% CI 1.1420.29; p=0.033), concomitant pathology (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.029.37; p=0.046) were negative, and dyslipidemia (OR 0.10; 95% CI 0.010.84; p=0.033) was positive, affecting the achievement of the target level of blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The target level of blood pressure was achieved in 31.3% of outpatients with hypertension, mainly in women. Among patients who did not reach the target level of blood pressure, men, individuals with high SSR and obesity predominated. Concomitant pathology and obesity are negative, and dyslipidemia was positively associated with the achievement of the target level of blood pressure, which must be taken into account when developing measures for prevention and treatment.

[Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in the Light of European Recommendations].

In this review we present analysis the European recommendations on hypertension - what's new and what has changed in the tactics of managing patients with arterial hypertension (AH). We compared recommendations on hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of hypertension (ESH) 2018 with European recommendations of previous years. In the updated version of guidelines, it is still recommended to determine AH as blood pressure (BP) ≥140 and / or ≥90 mm Hg; to subdivide BP levels into optimal, normal, and high normal, to classify severity of AH as 3 degrees, and to distinguish separately its isolated systolic form. Values for out-of-office BP remained unchanged, but recommendations emerged concerning wider use of ambulatory BP monitoring and self-measurement of BP. For initial therapy, it was recommended to use two drugs combinations preferably as single pill combinations. An increase of the role of nurses and pharmacists in teaching, supporting patients and controlling hypertension has been noted. This can improve the achievement of target BP and, as a result, reduce the cardiovascular risk. New European recommendations highlight the modern aspects of classification and diagnosis of AH, main stages of screening, and algorithm of drug treatment of AH.

[Virilizing ovarian tumor: the challenges of differential diagnosis].

SertoliLeydig cell tumor is a rather rare type of ovarian neoplasms belonging to the group of sex cordstromal tumors. This malignancy is characterized by androgen overproduction, which results in the so-called virilization and can be accompanied by various metabolic disorders such as abdominal obesity, disturbances of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and high blood pressure. During differential diagnosis, it is important to identify the source of androgen overproduction. An androgen-secreting ovarian tumor needs to be differentiated from androgen-secreting adrenal tumor, ovarian stromal thecomatosis (hyperthecosis), and endogenous hypercorticism (the Cushings syndrome). In most cases, the SertoliLeydig cell tumor is associated with DICER1 mutation carriership. If a patient is found to carry the DICER1 mutation, patients relatives need to undergo genetic testing as the individuals with mutations in this gene have an elevated risk of developing a broad range of benign and malignant tumors (most of these tumors are relatively rare in the overall population). The awareness of this rare ovarian neoplasm among medical specialists (obstetriciansgynecologists, endocrinologists, and oncologists) is supposed to ensure timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of this disease.

[Role of GAGA Factor in Drosophila Primordial Germ Cell Migration and Gonad Development].

The GAGA protein of drosophila is a factor involved in epigenetic transcription regulation of a large gene group controlling developmental processes. In this paper, the role of GAGA factor in germ cell migration is demonstrated as well as its effect on the gonad development in drosophila embryogenesis. Mutations in the Trl gene, encoding GAGA factor, prematurely induces the active migration program and relocation of the primordial cells inward the embryo before the beginning of gastrulation. The germ cells that prematurely separated from the main group migrate ectopically, lose orientation, and stay out of gonad development. Expression pattern of the Trl gene suggests its activity in epithelial cells of the embryonic blastoderm, part of which contact primordial cells. Thus, GAGA factor influences migration of these cells in an indirect manner via their somatic environment.

[ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-PROMOTED ACCUMULATION OF INTRACELLULAR LIPID DROPLETS].

It is known that in various cell types bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes mitochondrial disfunction and promotes accumulation of triglycerides in intracellular lipid droplets. The precise mechanisms which mediate LPS-induced neutral lipid deposition remain poorly understood. In the present work performed on primary cultured epithelial cells isolated from the frog urinary bladder we studied the possible role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) in LPS-in-duced alteration of lipid metabolism. It was shown that LPS stimulated ROS production, decrea- 705 sed fatty acids oxidation, enhanced intracellular triglyceride deposition and promoted the formation of lipid droplets visualized by Nile red staining. Pretreatment of cells with mitochondrial-tar-geted antioxidant MitoQ at dose 25 nM for 2 h almost completely eliminated all the above effects of LPS. In contrast to MitoQ, a-tocopherol was ineffective. The data obtained indicate that increase of mROS level is a critical factor that mediates LPS-induced intracellular deposition of neutral lipids in epithelial cells.

[EFFECT OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ON NEUTRAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CELLULAR ENERGETICS IN FROG URINARY BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS].

It was shown previously that colonization of the frog urinary bladder by gram-negative bacteria leads to decreased ability of antidiuretic hormone to reabsorb water from the urinary bladder (Fock et al. J. Exp. Zool., 2013, 319A: 487-494). In the present work performed on epithelial cells isolated from the frog urinary bladder the influence of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on neutral lipid metabolism and cellular energetics was studied. It was shown that incubation of cells with LPS led to decrease of fatty acids oxidation and to retention of triacylglycerols (TAG) followed by an increase of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets content and cellular amount of TAG. Fatty acid composition of TAG was not changed under LPS. LPS did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential, however, LPS decreased oxygen consumption rate both in basal and uncoupling conditions. Cellular ATP production was also reduced in the presence of LPS. The data obtained indicate that a decreased ability of antidiuretic hormone to reabsorb water from the urinary bladder induced by bacterial pathogens could be related to inhibition of fatty acids oxidation and impaired energy metabolism.

[Laparoscopic and open heminephrectomy in children: results comparison].

UNLABELLED: Objectives. To compare the results of laparoscopic and open heminephrectomy for kidneys duplication in children. Materials and methods. 42 patients underwent laparoscopic heminephrectomy and 20 patients underwent open heminephrectomy for non-functioning kidney moiety. Transperitoneal access with 3-4 trocars was used in the first group. Retrospective analysis of demographic, intra- and postoperative parameters, developed complications was performed. RESULTS: The mean operative duration was 127 minutes (90-205) and 120 minutes (100-219) in laparoscopic and open surgery groups, respectively. There were not intraoperative complications and need for conversion in laparoscopic group. Two children required additional surgery for perirenal cyst and ureteric stump inflammation. Hemotransfusion after open surgery was performed in 2 cases. Complications included pleural sine laceration and complete function loss of remaining moiety. The mean hospital stay was 7.2 days (5-12) and 11.5 days (8-17) in laparoscopic and open surgery groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic transperitoneal heminephrectomy can be successfully used in children. Duration of laparoscopic and open interventions is comparable. But hospital stay is less in case of laparoscopic interventions.

[The vanadium compounds: chemistry, synthesis, insulinomimetic properties].

The review considers the biological role of vanadium, its participation in various processes in humans and other mammals, and the anti-diabetic effect of its compounds. Vanadium salts have persistent hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects and reduce the probability of secondary complications in animals with experimental diabetes. The review contains a detailed description of all major synthesized vanadium complexes having antidiabetic activity. Currently, vanadium complexes with organic ligands are more effective and safer than the inorganic salts. Despite the proven efficacy of these compounds as the anti-diabetic agents in animal models, only one organic complex of vanadium is currently under the second phase of clinical trials. All of the considered data suggest that vanadium compound are a new promising class of drugs in modern pharmacotherapy of diabetes.

[Deposition of exogenous and endogenously generated unsaturated fatty acids in lipid droplets triacylglycerol as a mechanism of its sequestration in epithelial cells].

Neutral lipids are deposited in intracellular compartments called lipid droplets, which are known to be critically implicated in regulation of cellular lipid metabolism. These organelles consist of a core of neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters, surrounded by phospholipid monolayer. Using Nile red lipid staining and [3H]-arachidonic and [3H]-oleic acids as precursors for lipid biosynthesis, we have evaluated the mechanisms of lipid body induction elicited by exogenous fatty acids within primary cultured epithelial cells from the frog urinary bladder. It was found that arachidonic and oleic acids at concentrations 10-50 tM stimulated lipid droplets formation accompanied by accumulation of TAG and by the significant increase of incorporation of fatty acids into TAG indicating an enhanced TAG biosynthesis. No changes of cholesteryl esters content were observed under these conditions. In cells, prelabelled with [3H]-oleic acids, etomoxir, an inhibitor of O-carnitine palmitroyltansferase 1, decreased oxidation of oleic acid and increased its incorporation into TAG leading to intracellular TAG accumulation. In cells, prelabelled with [3H]-arachidonic acid, diclofenac, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, led to significant decrease in cellular PGE2 production and to reesterification of free arachidonic acid to TAG but not to phospholipids. Taking together, these data evidence that in isolated frog urinary bladder epithelial cells, reacylation of unsaturated free fatty acids into TAG is a main route of their metabolic conversion under the conditions of the increased cytosolic level of free fatty acids.

[Prevention and protection of workers' reproductive health].

The article mentiones issues of preserving and strengthening the reproductive health of women workers, dealed by researchers of the laboratory, established in 1974. It describes the developed concept of the reproductive health problems and scientific research areas, developed documents, including legislative fields, formulates main prospects of the laboratory to meet the requirements of the present moment. Noted the role of the Problem Commission "Scientific basis for the reproductive health of workers", in the work of the Scientific Council on medical and environmental issues of workers' health.

Identification of functionally significant elements in the second intron of the Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like gene.

It is known that a lot of genes having a distinct expression pattern require the complex system of transcription regulation. The regulatory regions of such genes can include not only the 5'-flanking regions, but also other regions, particularly their intron sequences. The Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like (Trl) gene, encoding the GAGA protein, is one of the genes with complex expression pattern. GAGA is one of a few transcription factors that can regulate gene expression at multiple levels. The GAGA-mediated modulation of expression seems to be linked with modifications of the chromatin structure. Nowadays, the regulatory potential of the Trl 5'-flanking region that contains multiple GAGA binding sites has been analyzed, but the presence of the functionally significant elements in other Trl regions has not been examined. We found DNase I hypersensitive sites, evolutionary-conserved sequences and numerous GAGA binding sites in the second intron of the Trl gene. Interestingly, these sequences localize in two main regions of the intron in immediate proximity to preferred regions of transposon insertions. Additionally, we revealed that deletion of the intron fragment in the Trl(1-72) mutants caused an alteration of the Trl expression pattern. These results allow us to conclude that the second intron of the Trl gene contains functionally significant elements.

[Basic types of respiratory system structure in insect egg envelopes, and genes controlling their formation].

Insects is a taxon surprisingly rich with species and varieties, and its representatives are considered as the most fitted and "evolutionary successful" living things. Insects are distinguished by diversity and abundance of adaptations to environmental conditions, representatives of this class inhabit different ecological niches, they can be found practically in every corner of the Earth and, in particular, in close adjacency to man. Among them are those who man benefits from and those who man struggles against. This determines man's interest in studying peculiarities of their development as well as adaptations formed by them in the course of evolution to become more viable. In the paper, data are presented on morphological structure of respiratory systems in insect egg envelopes that ensure respiration process of developing embryo. Variability of these systems and their dependence on environmental conditions are demonstrated for different insect species. The information about genes controlling development of respiratory systems in fruit fly eggs is brought together, and occurrence of evolutionary conservative genes participating in development of such systems in other insect species is ascertained.

[Maintenance of the patterns of expression of homeotic genes in the development of Drosophila melanogaster by proteins of the polycomb, trithorax, and ETP groups].

Proteins encoded by genes of the groups Polycomb (PcG), trithorax (trxG), and the Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Group (ETP) are important regulators of expression of most developmental genes. Data concerning all currently described genes assigned to these groups are summarized in the review. Genetic interactions of these genes and phenotypical manifestation of their mutations are described. Data on the PcG, trxG, and ETP proteins are systemized. Questions are considered concerning the formation of multimeric complexes containing proteins of these groups, recruitment of these complexes to regulatory elements of target genes, and the mechanisms of activation/repression of gene expression.

[Laparoscopic heminephrouretherectomy in children with double kidney].

The article revises the first experienced of laparoscopic geminephrouretherectomy in our country. 5 children aged 3-14 years were operated on. In 1 case of double ureter the laparoscopic ureterectomy was performed, the rest 4 patients experienced geminephrouretherectomy (2 left and 2 right).The operative time was 100-180 minutes. There were no intra- and postoperative complications. All children were discharged on 6-12th postoperative day. Follow-up examination verified perfect cosmetic and functional results.

[Treatment of urethral fistulas in children with application of allogenic fibroblasts].

The study was aimed at upgrading the results of conservative treatment of children with urethral fistulas using methods of tissue engineering. A total of 126 operations for closure of urethral fistulas (UF) were made from 1986 to 2007. The patients were divided into four groups. A conservative therapy was given to 25 children of group 1 aged 5-15 years. Group 2 of 60 patients were operated according to Smith. 39 children entered group 3. They were treated conservatively with application of allogenic fibroblasts. In 1 child UF was closed by a combined method when application of fibroblasts was made upon the sutures. Use of cell technologies for closure of urethral fistulas demonstrates high efficacy of the method for conservative management of long urethral fistulas of a small diameter. Application of allogenic fibroblasts has definite indications and contraindications. In some cases it cannot be used for correction of postoperative complications. Adequate preoperative examination of the patients should be made to formulate optimal therapeutic policy.

[Laparoscopic operations for simple cysts of kidneys at children].

Results of treatment of 62 children aged 1 to 15 years with non-parasitic cysts of kidneys using mini-invasive laparoscopic technologies are analyzed. Laparoscopic operations with original technique have been performed at all the patients with various cysts sizes (from 3 to 13 cm across diameter) and localization (including 12 cases of peripelvic cysts). The time of surgery ranged 25 to 110 min (43 min on average); there were no conversions to open surgery, intraoperative and postoperative complications. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 3 years, there were no cases of cyst recurrence, and the functional and cosmetic results were excellent. It is concluded that laparoscopic method should be regarded as "gold standard" for the treatment of non-parasitic kidneys cysts at children that permits to achieve the stable positive results regardless of patient age, size and localization of cyst.

[Effect of hypomorphic mutation in Trithorax-like gene on Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis].

We generated and characterized a new hypomorphic mutation of Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like (Trl) gene named Trl362. The Trl362 homozygous females are sterile and lay a small number of eggs; most embryos die at the early developmental stages. The transcriptional Trl level of adult Trl362 females was markedly lowered. Little or no GAGA protein, encoded by Trl@, was detected in the nurse cell nuclei. The ovaries of Trl362 females showed impairments, such considerable changes in the structure of both ovarioles and individual egg chambers. We believe that the observed ovarian defects in Trl362 mutants are mostly due to a decreased amount of GAGA protein in the germline cells. An increase of GAGA-519 protein caused by introduction of hsp83:GAGA-519 transgene against Trl362 background rescued partially the female fertility. It may well be that a decrease of GAGA protein in Trl362 germline cells leads to a defective expression of the genes regulated by transcription factor GAGA, whose products are essential for normal Drosophila oogenesis.

[Generation and analysis of novel mutations of the trithorax-like gene in Drosophila melanogaster].

The Trithorax-like (Trl) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes the multifunctional GAGA factor. The expression of Trl is known to depend on numerous factors, such as the organ, the tissue, the ontogenetic stage, and the ambient temperature. Apparently, this expression is controlled by a complex system of regulatory elements, which so far has been scarcely studied. Our preliminary results indicate that the second intron of the Trl gene bears functionally significant elements. To test this assumption, we generated 23 novel alleles of the gene via P-induced male recombination and analyzed them cytogenetically. Of these mutations, 13 (recessive lethals) are deletions, disrupting the coding gene region. Ten mutations (seven deletions and three duplications) remove parts of the second Trl intron only. Some of these mutant stocks exhibit lower viability at different temperatures. These results suggest that the second intron region harbors functionally significant elements. The deletion mapping results verified the localization of the Trl gene in the 70F1-2 region.