[The study of biological effects of different geographical origin goji berries in rats with alimentary hypercholesterolemia].

Food and medicinal plants as well as its' fruits, used in traditional medicine, are now widely used as sources of bioactive phytochemical compounds to impart functional properties to products. Due to the significant variation in phytonutrient content depending on geoclimatic conditions, a comparative study of goji berries collected in different regions seems to be relevant. The aim - comparative study of L. barbarum and L. chinense berries and its biological effects when inclusion in the diet of rats with experimental hyperlipidemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the berries of L. barbarum (China) and L. chinense (Kazakhstan), the composition of monosaccharides, the content of vitamins (D, E, C), minerals (Mg, Ca, Se), phenolic compounds and steroid substances as well as catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant activity was determined. Biological experiment lasted 186 days, it was carried out on Wistar rats, divided into intact (n=10) and experimental animals (n=48), in which alimentary hyperlipidemia was reproduced for 100 days (diet containing animal fats 5.0-19.0% and cholesterol 0.5-2.0%), further animals were divided in control rats with hyperlipidemia, consuming a standard diet (group 1) and experimental rats, which were supplemented for 86 days with L. barbarum (group 2) and L. chinense (group 3) in an amount of 20% of the diet carbohydrate component. On the 128th and 186th days of the experiment, rats' blood serum was analyzed for total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde and the total antioxidant activity of blood serum was measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: L. chinense berries, which are characterized by a high content of phenolic compounds (20% higher than in L. barbarum berries), when administered to rats with alimentary hyperlipidemia on the 28th day, reduced the concentration of total cholesterol by 44.1% and low-density lipoproteins by 35.8% relative to control animals, on day 86 contributed to an increase in the concentration of high density lipoproteins to 79.6%. The effect of L. barbarum berries, characterized by an increase in high density lipoproteins in rat blood (by 62.3%), may be due to a higher content of vitamins C, E and selenium (35, 11 and 22% more than in L. chinense), the presence of phytosterols and phytostanols, in particular dodecanoic acid. CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate a pronounced antioxidant effect of L. barbarum and L. chinense berries and the possibility of their use in the diet to correct lipid metabolism disorders.

[In vivo study of plant protein products from soybeans and non-alkaloid lupine Dega variety].

Research on finding additional sources of vegetable protein as an alternative to soy has shown a great prospect of using lupine. The study of biological effects of flour of nonalkaloid lupine Dega variety will assess the future prospects for its use in food industry. The aim - a comparative study of protein products - soybean flour and non-alkaloid lupine flour (Dega-1 variety), added to laboratory rats' diet. Material and methods. Experiment was carried out on three groups of Wistar rats (n=30, 210±5 g) for 28 days: 1st group - rats that consumed the standard vivarium diet (control); 2nd group and 3rd group - animals, that consumed standard diet with addition of lupine flour (protein content - 42.1%) and soy flour (protein content - 50.2%), replacing 26 and 23% protein in standard diet, respectively. Results. As a result of the experiment, fluctuations in body weight of rats in 2nd group and 3rd group were observed from the 11th day; the weight gain of rats in 1st group was 7.74%, 2nd group and 3rd group - 3.32 and 2.04%. Noted changes could be explained by food adaptation of organism to the main nutrients of protein products. The blood test showed minor changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters within physiological reference values. Consumption of lupine flour led to a slight increase of leukocytes (by 14.2%) and lymphocytes (by 24.5%), an increase in the activity of certain enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase by 18.4%, alanine aminotransferase by 26.2% and lactate dehydrogenase by 21.6%, p≥0.05), while alkaline phosphatase activity decreased (14.4%, p<0.05) in comparison with control. Incorporation of soy flour into the diet of rats showed a statistically significant increase in the concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and immature cells (by 57.1% in comparison with 1st group and 83.3% in comparison with 2nd group), while relative content of granulocytes reduced (by 15.1% relative to the control). Conclusion. The inclusion of plant proteins into the rat's diet did not cause significant deviations in physiological (motor activity), biochemical, hematological parameters in experimental animals. However, the identified features in animals of the experimental groups, possibly related to biologically active substances and anti-alimentary factors in soybean and lupine, indicate the need to improve technological approaches to lupine protein products production in order to improve functional characteristics and completely remove substances that deteriorate nutrients absorption. A possible solution is lupine proteins' proteolysis, the use of various methods of fractionation, isolation and purification in combination with pretreatment to obtain protein concentrates or isolates with improved nutritional, technological and functional properties.

[Milk raw materials from retrovirus infected cows: questions of safety and quality of produced products].

The comparative evaluation of protein biological value of curd manufactured by the traditional technology and using microbial transglutaminase has been carried out. The biological experiment was conducted at Wistar laboratory rats fed by the analyzed curd samples as the protein (in the amount of 10% of the total calorie content of the diet) composed of semisynthetic diet. Within 22 days the individual rates of feed eating and the rat's body weight gain have been analyzed. During the exchanged period (from 23 to 24 days) besides the listed readings the amount of nitrogen egested with faeces and urine has been considered. The protein biological value of curd produced with transglutaminase and according to the traditional technology was evaluated by determination of protein efficiency coefficient, true nitrogen absorbency, nitrogenous balance. Besides, at the end of the exchanged period the blood immune component and protein catabolism by means of biochemical blood serum analysis has been evaluated. The results of in vitro analyses make it possible to state the assumption regarding the curd biological value improvement and digestibility of curd protein by means of milk proteins fermentative modification. The revealed reliable increase of the total protein concentration (by 4%), urea nitrogen (over 20%) and creatinine level correlated with high protein amount in the tested product consumed by rats within the exchanged period. The detected reduction of leucocytes and lymphocytes amount in blood of rats consuming the tested curd samples testified the reasonability of the additional investigation of immune reactions. The calculation of the indicators characterizing the biological value of curd protein based on its amino acid composition showed the increase of amino acid imbalance in curd produced with transglutaminase mainly due to lysine excess and the corresponding reduction of assimilability by 1.7%.

Mathematical Modeling of Open States in DNA Molecule Depending on the Deuterium Concentration in the Surrounding Liquid Media at Different Values of Hydrogen Bond Disruption Energy.

The effect of the deuterium concentration in the surrounding liquid medium on the appearance of open states between the nitrogen bases of a double-stranded DNA molecule was investigated. It is shown that the nature of this effect depends on the magnitude of the energy of the hydrogen bond break.

Changes in the functional activity of mitochondria isolated from the liver of rat that passed the preadaptation to ultra-low deuterium concentration.

The incubation in deuterium-depleted medium of mitochondria isolated from the liver of rats that consumed drinking diet with depleted deuterium (46 ppm) revealed a higher (by 35%) generation of hydrogen peroxide in comparison with the mitochondria (isolated from the liver of rats that consumed drinking diet with 152 ppm deuterium) incubated in medium that contained 152 ppm deuterium. Succinate addition to the reaction system led to an increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide in isolated mitochondria by 44-81%, whereas the difference in the generation of H2O2 between the organelles incubated in mediums 46 and 152 ppm was reduced by 14%. The revealed change in the functional activity of mitochondria suggests the ability of the organism to adapt to the deuterium-depleted drinking diet, which is probably due to the formation of the D/H isotope transmembrane gradient.

[Influence of meat semiprepared foods produced with an addition of water having a reduced deuterium content on the indicators of the laboratory animals with the model of alloxan diabetes].

The paper presents the results of the study on the influence of water with a reduced deuterium content and the meat semi-prepared foods produced with its addition on the indicators of the laboratory animals with the model of alloxan diabetes. The effect of low concentrations of deuterium on the body weight dynamics was shown as well as the manifestation of glucosuria and ketonuria, and clinico-biological indicators of the animal's blood. The experiment was carried out during 42 days on male rats of Wistar stock, which were divided into 4 groups - 2 experimental, control (n=10) and intact (n=6), and consisted of three stages: adaptational, the stage of modeling of alloxan diabetes (a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate - 12 mg/100 g body weight) and dietic therapeutic. The animals of the experimental groups consumed water with a reduced deuterium content and standard vivarium diet or the meat minced semi-prepared products produced with its addition and cooked to culinary readiness. The control group consumed tap water and standard vivarium diet. In animals of the 1st group, which consumed the meat product, glucosuria persisted up to the 28th day (the 11th day after administration of alloxan), ketonuria up to the 34th day (the 17th day after modeling). In rats of the 2nd group, which consumed water with the decreased deuterium content, glucose in urea was not detected already on the 7th day after administration of alloxan, ketones on the 17th day after modeling of the disease, respectively. In animals of the control group, glucosuria and ketonuria persisted up to the end of the experiment. As a result of the investigations, the positive effect of water with a reduced deuterium content and the meat food produced with its use was established. It was manifested in a decrease of glucose level in the urea of the animals from the experimental groups compared to the control group on the 5th day of disease modeling and normalization on the 17th day of modeling. This experimentally demonstrated the possibility to use deuterium-depleted water in a meat product composition intended for nutrition of people with an impairment of carbohydrate metabolism for correction of metabolic processes.

[Assessment of the using effectiveness of iodine containing additives in development of meat products for child nutrition].

The effectiveness of iodine containing additives on the basis of whey protein and milk protein casein compared to iodized salt in the composition of meat minced semi-finished products for child nutrition was examined in the experiment on laboratory animals. Four variants of the semi-finished products were investigated: 1 - control; 2 - enriched with iodine containing milk protein casein; 3 - enriched with iodine containing whey proteins; 4 - enriched with iodized salt. The semi-finished products were enriched at the level of 15% of the daily norm of iodine requirement for children at the age of 7-12 years. Iodine content in 100 g of product was 20 µkg. Rats (initial body weight 140±20 g, n=80) were divided into five groups (control, intact and three experimental groups). Groups 1 and 5 included the animals fed with a standard vivarium diet throughout the experiment. The rats from groups 2-4 were fed with the iodine enriched diet: group 2 received diet containing semi-finished products No. 2; group 3 sample No. 3 and group 4 - sample No. 4. The first stage of the experiment was aimed at accumulation of iodine in tissues and organs of animals consumed the tested iodine containing additives in the composition of semi-finished products. The second stage of the experiment consisted in simulation of the mercazolilum-induced (50 mg/kg b.w.) hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) and detection of preventive effects of iodine containing meat semi-finished products in a model of experimental hypothyroidism in rats. The data obtained upon the end of the experiment suggest that the highest effect for correction of iodine deficiency was achieved when using the culinary products enriched with iodine containing whey proteins (sample No. 3): the level of thyroxine (T4) was restored by 98.7% in the animals from group 3 compared to the indices of the intact group, Т3 by 100%, TSH - by 89.3%. This effect was confirmed by the hematological and biochemical blood indexes, as well as the dynamics of their weight change: the level of white blood cells was significantly lower by 28%, granulocytes by 44%, monocytes by 42% compared to control rats; the weight gain of the animals of the 3 group was 20.3%, closer to that of intact animals - 26.4%, while in the control group it was 2.6 %.

[The effect of water with modified isotope (D/H) composition on the reproductive function and postnatal development in rats].

Reproductive parameters and postnatal progeny development were evaluated in 4 generations of Wistar rats treated with deuterium depleted water (DDW): parental (F0), first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3). The experiment was carried out on 2 groups of animals: experimental group consumed DDW (50 ppm) and control group consumed purified tap water (150 ppm). Experiment was consist of a preparatory stage, the stage of studying the F0, F1, F2 reproductive parameters and F1, F2, F3 postnatal progeny development Reproductive parameters was assessed by F0, F1, F2 fertility index and F1, F2, F3 offspring viability and development. Fertility index was assessed as the male's ability to fertilize females in the percentage of pregnant females/fertilized males to the total number females and males placed together for mating. Offspring maturing were evaluated by pups viability, development of physical and sexual parameters, emotional and locomotors reflexes within the 1st month of life. Group 1 fertility index in F0 females was 100%, in F1 and F2 females - 99%, in males all generations - 89-100%. Group 1 F1, F2 and F3 offspring viability was high. Number of pups in group 1 F2 offspring was higher by 20% than in group 2. Pups of the 1st group F1, F2 and F3 were less intensively gained weight from the 1st to the 21st day of life compared with group 2, the final weight of the animals in group 1 was higher than in group 2 by 4-6% from 25th to 30th days of life. Assessment of physical parameters development as well as emotional and locomotors reflexes formation did not reveal any difference between group 1 and group 2 F1, F2 and F3 offspring. Obtained results confirmed that DDW did not effect on rat fertility, viability and development of offspring.

[Correction of Metabolic Processes in Rats during Chronic Endotoxicosis using Isotope (D/H) Exchange Reactions].

The effect of isotope exchange reactions (deuterium/protium, D/H) on morphofunctional indices and the state of the antioxidant blood system in rats was studied under physiological conditions and during experimental chronic endotoxicosis of hepatorenal genesis. It was demonstrated that introduction of water with a decreased content of deuterium in the food rations of rats results in a decrease in its concentration in the blood plasma by 32-36% (to 98-106 ppm) and in lyophilized liver, kidney, and heart tissues by 13-17% (to 123-128 ppm). It was noted that it is accompanied by correction of metabolic processes, an increase in the functional activity of nonspecific protection system, and an increase in the body weight growth by the 42nd day in the group of animals that passed (for 14 days) the stage of preliminary adaptation with a change in the D/H ratio in the organism.

[Influence of deuterium depleted water on the organism of laboratory animals in various functional conditions of nonspecific protective systems].

The influence of deuterium depleted water with the modified isotope composition on an organism of animals is studied in physiological conditions and development of chronic endogenous intoxication of hepatorenal genesis. The influence of this water on isotope composition of plasma and tissues (the liver and kidneys) in laboratory animals is shown. The impact of this water on biochemical indicators (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, bilirubin) and dynamics in body weight of laboratory animals within 42 days is established. As a result of studies the possibility of the preventive use of deuterium depleted water for correction of metabolic processes is shown in various conditions of the functional system of the body's detoxification.

[Effect of polypeptides isolated from cattle abomasum on stomach regenerative processes in rats].

The effect of polypeptides isolated from cattle abomasum on regenerative processes of rat stomach upon simulating stomach mucosal damage caused by aspirin was studied. Experimental research was carried out on male Wistar rats with initial body weight of 230±20 g. The duration of the experiment was 22 days. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups (n=11). The first (control) group-consisted of the intact animals; animals from experimental groups 2-4 were intragastrically administered acetylsalicylic acid from the 1st to the 7th day for simulating stomach mucosal damage caused by aspirin (300 mg/100 g body weight). From day 8 to day 22, the animals were intragastrically adminitered the tested samples in the quantity of 2 ml per animal according tothe scheme: the 2nd group - distilled water, the 3d group - native abomasum extract; the 4 th group - thermally treated abomasum extract. Abomasum extract was obtained by extraction with 0,87% aqueous sodium chloride crushed abomasum and represented a liquid of cream color with protein mass content of 1,3 g/100 g of the product with high content of glutamic acid (15,5 g/100 g protein) and B-group vitamins. Electrophoretic analysis of the extract revealed several high molecular weight fractions in the range of 72 to 55 kDa. The bands with molecular masses 52, 43, 40, 37, 34, 26, 17 kDa were most pronounced; the intensive bands in the area 12 kDa and in the range lower than 10 kDa were revealed. The results of the conducted study show that the abomasum extracts both in the native and thermally treated form exert therapeutic action on animal with stomach mucosal damage caused by aspirin, have good antiulcer and gastroprotective activities upon stomach mucosa exposure to chemical damaging agents. The analysis of the hematological indices of the animals from the 3rd and 4th groups, which received the test samples after simulation, revealed the normalization of leukocyte, lymphocyte, granulocyte and monocyte content. This suggests the recovery of the animals after the disease. In the blood serum of these animals concentration of total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose and the activity of gamma-glutamine transferase, ASAT and alkaline phosphatase decreased compared with those in animals with the model of stomach mucosal injury; while the total protein content, including the albumin fraction increased. The examination of the internal organs of the animals from the 3rd and 4th groups showed that the mucosal and submucosal membrane of the stomach were plicate, the signs of edema were absent, the hyperemia, any changes in mucosa, surface and glandular epithelium were not observed.