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1.
Obesity (Silver Spring) ; 28(1): 114-121, 2020 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31858736

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Prepregnancy obesity and extensive weight gain can lead to diseases in the offspring later in life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anthropometric and metabolic factors on the fetal autonomic nervous system (ANS) in uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS: A total of 184 pregnant women in the second or third trimester were included, and for 104 women, maternal insulin sensitivity (ISI) was determined. Fetal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined by magnetic recording. Associations of maternal prepregnancy BMI, weight gain, and ISI with fetal HR and HRV were evaluated by ANCOVA, partial correlation, and mediation analysis. RESULTS: HR was increased and HRV decreased in fetuses of mothers with overweight or obesity in comparison to normal-weight mothers. Fetal HR was negatively correlated with maternal weight gain. Maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively correlated with fetal high frequency and was negatively correlated with low frequency and low/high frequency ratio. Maternal ISI showed a negative correlation with fetal HR. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the fetal ANS is sensitive to alterations of prepregnancy BMI, weight changes, and glucose metabolism. These findings highlight the importance of the intrauterine environment on the developing ANS and the possible programming of obesity.


Subject(s)
Heart Rate, Fetal/physiology , Metabolism/physiology , Obesity/complications , Weight Gain/physiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult
2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30930846

ABSTRACT

Background: Testosterone levels are differentially linked with diabetes risk in men and women: lower testosterone levels in men and higher testosterone levels in women are associated with type 2 diabetes, though, the mechanisms are not fully clear. We addressed sex-specific links between testosterone and major pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetes. Methods: We analyzed data of 623 subjects (202 male, 345 female without, and 76 female with oral contraceptive therapy [OCT]) for whom insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were assessed by oral glucose tolerance test. Body fat percentage was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Testosterone was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay; free testosterone and Framingham risk score were calculated. Results: There were significant interactions between testosterone and sex for all tested metabolic traits. Increasing testosterone was associated with less body fat, elevated insulin sensitivity, and reduced glycemia, independent of adiposity in men. In women without OCT, testosterone correlated with more body fat, insulin resistance, and higher glucose concentrations. Testosterone was not associated with insulin secretion in either sex, but with lower Framingham risk score in men and higher Framingham risk score in women. Conclusions: Similar to diabetes risk, insulin resistance has different association directions with testosterone levels in males and females. Insulin resistance could therefore constitute the best biological candidate linking testosterone levels and diabetes prevalence. The question of antiandrogen therapy being able to improve metabolism, glucose tolerance and cardiovascular risk in women was not clarified in our study but should be reviewed with higher numbers in a carefully matched study to reduce the influence of confounding variables.

3.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 15486, 2017 11 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29138452

ABSTRACT

Variation in FTO is the most important common genetic determinant of body weight. Altered energy metabolism could underlie this association. We hypothesized that higher circulating glucose or triglycerides can amplify the FTO impact on BMI. In 2671 subjects of the TUEF study, we investigated the interaction effect of fasting glucose and triglyceride levels with rs9939609 in FTO on BMI. We analysed the same interaction effect by longitudinally utilizing mixed effect models in the prospective Whitehall II study. In TUEF, we detected an interaction effect between fasting glucose and fasting triglycerides with rs9939609 on BMI (p = 0.0005 and p = 5 × 10-7, respectively). The effect size of one risk allele was 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.2 ± 0.44 kg/m² in persons with fasting glucose levels below and above the median, respectively. Fasting triglycerides above the median increased the per-allele effect from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 0.4 kg/m2. In the Whitehall II study, body weight increased by 2.96 ± 6.5 kg during a follow-up of 13.5 ± 4.6 yrs. Baseline fasting glucose and rs9939609 interacted on weight change (p = 0.009). Higher fasting glucose levels may amplify obesity-risk in FTO carriers and lead to an exaggerated weight gain over time. Since weight gain perpetuates metabolic alterations, this interplay may trigger a vicious circle that leads to obesity and diabetes.


Subject(s)
Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Obesity/genetics , Adult , Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/metabolism , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Body Weight/physiology , Fasting , Female , Genotype , Glycolysis/physiology , Humans , Lipid Metabolism/physiology , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/blood , Obesity/metabolism , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Prospective Studies , Triglycerides/blood , Triglycerides/metabolism , Weight Gain
5.
Obesity (Silver Spring) ; 25(7): 1277-1283, 2017 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28544651

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with estimates of body fat distribution. Using predefined risk allele scores, the correlation of these scores with precisely quantified body fat distribution assessed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques and with metabolic traits was investigated. METHODS: Data from 4,944 MR scans from 915 subjects of European ancestry were analyzed. Body fat distribution was determined by MR imaging and liver fat content by 1 H-MR spectroscopy. All subjects underwent a five-point 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A total of 65 SNPs with reported genome-wide significant associations regarding estimates of body fat distribution were genotyped. Four genetic risk scores were created by summation of risk alleles. RESULTS: A higher allelic load of waist-to-hip ratio SNPs was associated with lower insulin sensitivity, higher postchallenge glucose levels, and more visceral and less subcutaneous fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: GWAS-derived polymorphisms estimating body fat distribution are associated with distinct patterns of body fat distribution exactly measured by MR. Only the risk score associated with the waist-to-hip ratio in GWAS showed an unhealthy pattern of metabolism and body fat distribution. This score might be useful for predicting diseases associated with genetically determined, unhealthy obesity.


Subject(s)
Body Fat Distribution , Genome-Wide Association Study , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Waist-Hip Ratio , Alleles , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Genotyping Techniques , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Insulin/blood , Insulin Resistance/genetics , Liver/metabolism , Liver/ultrastructure , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Obesity/genetics , White People/genetics
6.
Acta Diabetol ; 53(6): 1037-1044, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27771766

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Insulin resistance underlies the etiology of both type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. In pregnancy, insulin resistance is also associated with an unfavorable metabolic programming of the fetus, potentially contributing to a higher risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the offspring. To assess insulin sensitivity, several methods based on glucose and insulin levels during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) exist. It is unclear how they perform during pregnancy, where physiologically altered metabolism could introduce a bias. METHODS: In a cohort comprising 476 non-diabetic subjects undergoing OGTT and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC), we used cross-validation to develop an insulin sensitivity index also based on non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) that could be more robust during pregnancy (NEFA-index). We tested commonly used OGTT-based indexes and the NEFA-index in a different cohort of 42 women during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery. RESULTS: The Matsuda and OGIS index failed to detect lower insulin sensitivity during pregnancy as compared to the follow-up OGTT 1 year after delivery (p > 0.09). The new NEFA-index incorporating BMI, plasma insulin and NEFA, but not glucose, clearly indicated lower insulin sensitivity during pregnancy (p < 0.0001). In the non-pregnant cohort, this NEFA-index correlated well with the gold-standard HEC-based insulin sensitivity index, and outperformed other tested indexes for the prediction of HEC-measured insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: This insulin/NEFA-based approach is feasible, robust, and could be consistently used to estimate insulin sensitivity also during pregnancy.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetes, Gestational , Insulin Resistance , Insulin/metabolism , Pregnancy in Diabetics , Adult , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes, Gestational/blood , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism , Feasibility Studies , Female , Germany , Glucose Clamp Technique/methods , Glucose Tolerance Test/methods , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Diabetics/blood , Pregnancy in Diabetics/diagnosis , Reproducibility of Results
7.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 759: 343-55, 2015 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25824899

ABSTRACT

Data in a toxicity test are evaluated generally per parameter. Information on the response per animal in addition to per parameter can improve the evaluation of the results. The results from the six studies in rats, described in the paper by Kemmerling, J., Fehlert, E., Rühl-Fehlert, C., Kuper, C.F., Stropp, G., Vogels, J., Krul, C., Vohr, H.-W., 2015. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties (In this issue), have been subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component discriminant analysis (PC-DA). The two pharmaceuticals azathioprine (AZA) and cyclosporine A (CSA) and the two environmental pollutants hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) all modulate the immune system, albeit that their mode of immunomodulation is quite diverse. PCA illustrated the similarities between the two independent studies with AZA (AZA1 and AZA2) and CSA (CSA1 and CSA2). The PC-DA on data of the AZA2 study did not increase substantially the information on dose levels. In general, the no-effect levels were lower upon single parameter analysis than indicated by the distances between the dose groups in the PCA. This was mostly due to the expert judgment in the single parameter evaluation, which took into account outstanding pathology in only one or two animals. The PCA plots did not reveal sex-related differences in sensitivity, but the key pathology for males and females differed. The observed variability in some of the control groups was largely a peripheral blood effect. Most importantly, PCA analysis identified several animals outside the 95% confidence limit indicating high-responders; also low-to-non-responders were identified. The key pathology enhanced the understanding of the response of the animals to the four model compounds.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity , Lymphoid Tissue/drug effects , Lymphoid Tissue/pathology , Toxicity Tests, Subacute/methods , Translational Research, Biomedical/methods , Animals , Azathioprine/toxicity , Benzo(a)pyrene/toxicity , Cyclosporine/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Humans , Lymphoid Tissue/immunology , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Principal Component Analysis , Rats, Inbred Strains , Rats, Wistar , Sex Factors , Translational Research, Biomedical/statistics & numerical data
8.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 759: 326-42, 2015 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25823813

ABSTRACT

Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity , Lymphoid Tissue/drug effects , Toxicity Tests, Subacute/methods , Translational Research, Biomedical/methods , Administration, Oral , Animals , Azathioprine/toxicity , Benzo(a)pyrene/toxicity , Cyclosporine/toxicity , Female , Guidelines as Topic , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Humans , Immunity, Humoral/drug effects , Lymphoid Tissue/immunology , Lymphoid Tissue/pathology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Organ Size/drug effects , Organ Specificity , Rats, Inbred Strains , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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