[Diagnostic significance and management principles of colorectal intraepithelial neoplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the significance of pathological diagnosis of colorectal intraepithelial neoplasia and its treatment principles. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-eight cases with colorectal tumors were treated between January 2004 and June 2008, among them 73 cases of tumors were diagnosed as low grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 89 tumors as high grade intraepithelial neoplasia on biopsy. Five patients with adenoma were treated with endoscopic polypectomy, 49 patients with radical colectomy, 74 patients with low anterior resection (LAR), 16 patients with local excision, 2 patients with Hartmann operation, 4 patients with abdominal perineal resection, 7 patients with Parks coloanal anastomosis and 1 patient with sigmoid colostomy. The postoperative pathological examination result was compared with preoperative biopsy examination. RESULTS: With postoperative pathological examination, 109 cases (67.3%) were identified as infiltrative adenocarcinoma, among them 80 cases (89.9%) had been diagnosed as high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and the other 29 cases (39.7%) had been diagnosed as low grade intraepithelial neoplasia before the operation. In patients with infiltrative adenocarcinomas, 2 cases developed hepatic metastasis, 18 were classified as phase T4, and 26 cases (23.9%) were found with lymph nodes metastasis after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: We should pay more attention to tumors with a diagnosis of intraepithelial neoplasia due to its high potential of malignancy. When the lesion was highly suspected to be malignant, and the resection of the tumor would save the anal sphincter, the tumor should be treated with segmental resection. If the tumor could be confirmed as a infiltrating one then a curative resection is the first choice.

[Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the healing of anastomosis following low anterior resection in locally advanced rectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCR) on the healing of anastomosis following low anterior resection in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS: Between May 2001 and August 2007, 192 patients with T3 and T4 low rectal cancer (distance from the tumor to anal verge 0.05). Anastomotic leakage occurred in 2 - 10 days post operation, and were managed properly and got desirable results. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy would not affect the healing of anastomosis obviously if being applied reasonably in locally advanced low rectal cancer.

[Exploration on neoadjuvant chemoradiation in the treatment for locally advanced low rectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of further improvement of the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced lower rectal cancer and the management of patients with clinical complete regression. METHODS: From May 2001 to August 2007, 192 cases with locally advanced lower rectal cancer (T3/T4 or N(+)) received preoperative radiotherapy 40 - 46 Gy/20 - 23 fractions and concomitant oral capecitabine 625 mg/m(2) bid for 10 weeks prior to surgery. Curative resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) was carried out 6 weeks after the end of radiation. RESULTS: As a result, 117 cases (60.9%) experienced adverse events but only 2 suffered from G3 side effects. Seventeen cases (8.9%) had a clinical complete tumor regression without surgery; 175 patients underwent curative resection, of them 134 cases with low anterior resection (LAR), 32 cases with ultra-low anterior resection with Park's coloanal anastomosis (6 cases with diverting temporary colostomy) and 9 cases with abdominal pelvic resection (APR). Sphincter preservation was achieved in 94.9%. Twenty-four patients (12.5%) got pathological complete response (CR), 17 patients with clinical CR and the overall CR rate was 21.4%. According to the pathological staging post operation: T0N0 41 cases, T2N0 43 cases, T3N0 77 cases, T4N0 5 cases, T2N1 11 cases, T3N1 13 cases, T4N1 2 cases; Graded under Dworak's tumor regression: TRG0 8 patients, TRG1 32 patients, TRG2 28 patients, TRG3 83 patients and TRG4 24 patients, with an overall pathological tumor downstaging in 77.14%. No operative death occurred, 5 patients suffered from rectovaginal fistulas and 4 anastomotic leakages with an overall anastomotic leakage rate of 5.1% (9/175) and all the patients recovered uneventfully after properly managed. All patients were followed up for a median time of 42 months (range, 12 - 87 months). During the time, 11 patients developed lung metastases, 6 liver metastases and 7 had local recurrences. The 3 years disease-free survival (DFS) was 86.6% and overall survival (OS) was 92.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has high efficacy in locally advanced lower rectal cancer, resulting in tumor down-staging, improved resectability and sphincter preservation, and reduced local recurrences. Meanwhile the cases with clinical complete response can be followed up closely and safely without surgery.

[Efficacy of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in treatment of locally advanced low rectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore efficacy of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in locally advanced low rectal cancer. METHODS: From May 2001 to August 2005, 105 patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer (T3, T4) were treated by preoperative radiotherapy to pelvis, 2.0 Gy daily up to 40-46 Gy in 4-5 weeks concomitantly with oral capecitabine at 1250 mg x m(-2) x d(-1) for 10 weeks up to surgery. In all patients surgery was carried out under the rule of total mesorectal excision technique. RESULTS: All patients finished the course of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Among them, 36 patients experienced adverse effects. Thirteen patients resulted in complete tumor response and spared the operation. Ninety-two patients were operated on with radical resection, among them 71 patients with low anterior resection, 17 with Parks' colo-anal anastomosis and 4 with abdomino-perineal resection, so sphincter preservation was achieved in 96.2%. In postoperative pathological studies, 11 cases showed complete tumor regression. According to the TNM staging system, 24 cases were ranged T0N0, and 23 cases T2N0, 43 cases T3N0, 2 cases T4N0, 5 cases T2N1, 8 cases T3N1; and according to Dworak's tumor regression grading, 5 cases were ranked TGR0, and 18 cases TGR1, 11 cases TGR2, 47 cases TGR3, 24 cases TGR4. Pathologic downstaging was achieved in 78.1%, including complete response (TGR4) and intermediate response (TGR2 + 3). No operative death occurred. Anastomotic leakage was found in 5 cases, including 3 rectovaginal fistula. All patients have been followed up for 16-67 months, and lung metastasis occurred in 4 cases, liver metastasis in 2 patients and local recurrence in 4 patients. Three patients died of distant metastasis. The 3-year disease-free survival was 82.8% and overall survival was 96.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy brings tumor down-staging and increases resectability and sphincter preservation, decreases recurrence and improves survival in locally advanced low rectal cancer.