Exosome-encapsulated lncRNA HOTAIRM1 contributes to PM2.5-aggravated COPD airway remodeling by enhancing myofibroblast differentiation.

Emphysema, myofibroblast accumulation and airway remodeling can occur in the lungs due to exposure to atmospheric pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Specifically, bronchial epithelium-fibroblast communication participates in airway remodeling, which results in COPD. An increasing number of studies are now being conducted on the role of exosome-mediated cell-cell communication in disease pathogenesis. Here, we investigated whether exosomes generated from bronchial epithelial cells could deliver information to normal stromal fibroblasts and provoke cellular responses, resulting in airway obstruction in COPD. We studied the mechanism of exosome-mediated intercellular communication between human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and primary lung fibroblasts (pLFs). We found that PM2.5-induced HBE-derived exosomes promoted myofibroblast differentiation in pLFs. Then, the exosomal lncRNA expression profiles derived from PM2.5-treated HBE cells and nontreated HBE cells were investigated using an Agilent Human LncRNA Array. Combining coculture assays and direct exosome treatment, we found that HBE cell-derived exosomal HOTAIRM1 facilitated the myofibroblast differentiation of pLFs. Surprisingly, we discovered that exosomal HOTAIRM1 enhanced pLF proliferation to secrete excessive collagen secretion, leading to airway obstruction by stimulating the TGF-ß/SMAD3 signaling pathway. Significantly, PM2.5 reduced FEV1/FVC and FEV1 and increased the level of serum exosomal HOTAIRM1 in healthy people; moreover, serum exosomal HOTAIRM1 was associated with PM2.5-related reductions in FEV1/FVC and FVC. These findings show that PM2.5 triggers alterations in exosome components and clarify that one of the paracrine mediators of myofibroblast differentiation is bronchial epithelial cell-derived HOTAIRM1, which has the potential to be an effective prevention and therapeutic target for PM2.5-induced COPD.

Mechanism of electroacupuncture regulating the ligand pathway of tyrosine kinase receptor in improving vascular dementia / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the potential mechanism of electroacupuncture regulating the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B2/erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor-interacting B2/big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1(EphB2/EphrinB2/BMK1) signaling pathway to improve neural damage in vascular dementia rats. Methods Eighty SD male adult rats were randomly divided into a sham surgery group, a model group, a non acupoint electroacupuncture group, a nimodipine group, and an electroacupuncture three needle group. The vascular dementia rat model was made by the modified Pulsinelli four vessel occlusion method. After grouping, the rats in each group were subjected to water maze test, HE staining, Nissl staining, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 area, and the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the hippocampal CA1 area was detected by immunohistochemistry; Detection of EphB2 and BMK1 protein expression in rat hippocampal CA1 region was detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the model group, the escape latency of vascular dementia rats treated with electroacupuncture and nimodipine decreased (P0.05). Compared with the nimodipine group, the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats in the electroacupuncture Zhisanzhen group significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture may improve the damage of hippocampal neurons in vascular dementia rats by increasing the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, thereby improving the learning and memory of vascular dementia rats.

Association of greenness, nitrogen dioxide with the prevalence of hypertension among the elderly over 65 years old in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the association of mixed exposure to greenness and nitrogen dioxide(NO2) and hypertension among the older adults aged 65 years and over in China. Methods: The study subjects were from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 2017 to 2018. A total of 15 423 older adults aged 65 years and over meeting the criteria were finally included in the study. A questionnaire survey was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and self-reported prevalence of hypertension. Blood pressure values were obtained through physical examination. The level of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was measured by the Medium-resolution Imaging Spectral Radiator(MODIS) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA). The concentration of NO2 was from China's surface air pollutant data set. Meteorological data was from NASA MERRA-2. The exposure to NDVI and NO2 for each study subject was calculated based on the area within a 1 km radius around their residence. The association between mixed exposure of NDVI and NO2 as well as their interaction and hypertension in older adults was analyzed by using the multivariate logistic regression model. The restrictive cubic spline(RCS) function was used to explore the exposure-response relationship between greenness and NO2 and the risk of hypertension in study subjects. Results: The mean age of 15 423 older adults were (85.6±11.6). Women accounted for 56.3%(8 685/15 423) and 55.6%(8 578/15 423) lived in urban areas. The mean time of residence was (60.9±28.5) years. 59.8% of participants were with hypertension. The mean NDVI level was 0.41±0.13, and the mean NO2 concentration was (32.18±10.36) μg/cm3. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NDVI was inversely and linearly associated with the hypertension in older adults, with the OR(95%CI) value of 0.959(0.928-0.992). Compared with the T1 group of NDVI, the risk of hypertension was lower in the T3 group, with the OR(95%CI) value of 0.852(0.769-0.944), and the trend test was statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with the T1 group of NO2, the risk of hypertension was higher in the T2 and T3 groups, with OR(95%CI) values of 1.160(1.055-1.275) and 1.244(1.111-1.393), and the trend test was statistically significant (P<0.05). The result of the RCS showed that NDVI was inversely and linearly associated with hypertension in older adults. NO2 was nonlinearly associated with hypertension in older adults. The interaction analysis showed that NDVI and NO2 had a negative multiplicative interaction on the risk of hypertension, with OR(95%CI) value of 0.995(0.992-0.997). Conclusion: Exposure to greenness and NO2 are associated with hypertension in older adults.

Association of hs-CRP with frailty and its components among the elderly over 65 years old in 9 longevity areas of China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the association of the levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with frailty and its components among the elderly over 65 years old in 9 longevity areas of China. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the Health Ageing and Biomarkers Cohort Study (HABCS, 2017-2018) were used and the elderly over 65 years old were included in this study. Through questionnaire interview and physical examination, the information including demographic characteristics, behavior, diet, daily activity, cognitive function, and health status was collected. The association between hs-CRP and frailty and its components in the participants was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model and restrictive cubic spline. Results: A total of 2 453 participants were finally included, the age was (84.8±19.8) years old. The median hs-CRP level was 1.13 mg/L and the prevalence of frailty was 24.4%. Compared with the low-level group (hs-CRP<1.0 mg/L), the OR (95%CI) value of the high-level group (hs-CRP>3.0 mg/L) was 1.79 (1.35-2.36) mg/L. As for the components, the hs-CRP level was also positively associated with ADL disability, IADL disability, functional limitation and multimorbidity. After adjusting for confounding factors, compared with the low-level group, the OR (95%CI) values of the high-level group for the four components were 1.68 (1.25-2.27), 1.88 (1.42-2.50), 1.68 (1.31-2.14) and 1.39 (1.12-1.72), respectively. Conclusion: There is a positive association between the levels of hs-CRP and the risk of frailty among the elderly over 65 years old in 9 longevity areas of China. The higher hs-CRP level may increase the risk of frailty by elevating the risk of four physical functional disabilities, namely ADL disability, IADL disability, functional limitation and multimorbidity.

Evidence-based guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults (version 2023) / 中华创伤杂志

The acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults have a higher rate of neurological injury and early death compared with atlas or axial fractures alone. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment choices of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults are controversial because of the lack of standards for implementation. Non-operative treatments have a high incidence of bone nonunion and complications, while surgeries may easily lead to the injury of the vertebral artery, spinal cord and nerve root. At present, there are no evidence-based Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults. To provide orthopedic surgeons with the most up-to-date and effective information in treating acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the field of spinal trauma to develop the Evidence-based guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults ( version 2023) by referring to the "Management of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults" published by American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) in 2013 and the relevant Chinese and English literatures. Ten recommendations were made concerning the radiological diagnosis, stability judgment, treatment rules, treatment options and complications based on medical evidence, aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults.

Certain issues requiring urgent attentions in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic injury of lumbar back muscles / 中华创伤杂志

Chronic injury of lumbar back muscles characterized by a high incidence, insidious onset, recurrence and continuous progression is mostly due to unreasonable physical exercise, excessive professional training and unhealthy lifestyle. Persistent or recurrent back pain is the primary clinical manifestations in the early stage. With the prolongation of the injury, the accelerated degeneration of the lumbar back muscle impairs the function and leads to the deterioration of the local and overall mechanical environment of the spine, followed by a series of degenerative spinal diseases such as lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spondylolisthesis, lumbar segmental instability and spinal deformity, which seriously affects the motor function, work and quality of life. However, there is an urgent need to improve the level of awareness and attention to chronic injury and degenerative changes of lumbar back muscles in clinical practice, so as to achieve accurate diagnosis and early intervention of chronic injury of lumbar back muscles. Therefore, the author reviews the etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of chronic injury of low back muscles to discuss the current problems and summarize the cutting-edge technology, hoping to provide a reference for improving the diagnosis and treatment level of clinicians.

An evidence-based clinical guideline for the treatment of infectious bone defect with induced membrane technique (version 2023) / 中华创伤杂志

Infectious bone defect is bone defect with infection or as a result of treatment of bone infection. It requires surgical intervention, and the treatment processes are complex and long, which include bone infection control,bone defect repair and even complex soft tissue reconstructions in some cases. Failure to achieve the goals in any step may lead to the failure of the overall treatment. Therefore, infectious bone defect has been a worldwide challenge in the field of orthopedics. Conventionally, sequestrectomy, bone grafting, bone transport, and systemic/local antibiotic treatment are standard therapies. Radical debridement remains one of the cornerstones for the management of bone infection. However, the scale of debridement and the timing and method of bone defect reconstruction remain controversial. With the clinical application of induced membrane technique, effective infection control and rapid bone reconstruction have been achieved in the management of infectious bone defect. The induced membrane technique has attracted more interests and attention, but the lack of understanding the basic principles of infection control and technical details may hamper the clinical outcomes of induced membrane technique and complications can possibly occur. Therefore, the Chinese Orthopedic Association organized domestic orthopedic experts to formulate An evidence-based clinical guideline for the treatment of infectious bone defect with induced membrane technique ( version 2023) according to the evidence-based method and put forward recommendations on infectious bone defect from the aspects of precise diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, operation procedure, postoperative management and rehabilitation, so as to provide useful references for the treatment of infectious bone defect with induced membrane technique.

Expert consensus for the clinical application of autologous bone marrow enrichment technique for bone repair (version 2023) / 中华创伤杂志

Bone defects caused by different causes such as trauma, severe bone infection and other factors are common in clinic and difficult to treat. Usually, bone substitutes are required for repair. Current bone grafting materials used clinically include autologous bones, allogeneic bones, xenografts, and synthetic materials, etc. Other than autologous bones, the major hurdles of rest bone grafts have various degrees of poor biological activity and lack of active ingredients to provide osteogenic impetus. Bone marrow contains various components such as stem cells and bioactive factors, which are contributive to osteogenesis. In response, the technique of bone marrow enrichment, based on the efficient utilization of components within bone marrow, has been risen, aiming to extract osteogenic cells and factors from bone marrow of patients and incorporate them into 3D scaffolds for fabricating bone grafts with high osteoinductivity. However, the scientific guidance and application specification are lacked with regard to the clinical scope, approach, safety and effectiveness. In this context, under the organization of Chinese Orthopedic Association, the Expert consensus for the clinical application of autologous bone marrow enrichment technique for bone repair ( version 2023) is formulated based on the evidence-based medicine. The consensus covers the topics of the characteristics, range of application, safety and application notes of the technique of autologous bone marrow enrichment and proposes corresponding recommendations, hoping to provide better guidance for clinical practice of the technique.

Relationship between body mass index and clinical characteristics, imaging characteristics and prognosis of patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and clinical characteristics, imaging characteristics and prognosis of patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH).Methods:The clinical data of 114 PBH patients admitted in 909th Hospital of PLA (the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University) from February 2016 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the BMI, the patients were divided into the normal group (BMI<24 kg/m 2, 71 cases) and the overweight/obese group (BMI≥24 kg/m 2, 43 cases). The clinical and imaging characteristics of the two groups were compared, and the factors affecting the prognosis of the PBH patients were analyzed by univariate analysis and Cox multivariate regression model. Results:More patients in the overweight/obese group had histories of hypertension (86.05% vs. 69.01%, P = 0.041), diabetes (37.21% vs. 9.86%, P<0.01), and heart disease (20.93% vs. 5.63%, P = 0.013) than the normal group. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, LDL, TG, WHR, and the incidences of coma, convulsions, central fever in overweight/obese group were significantly higher than those in normal group: (172.83±26.15) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (159.28±31.67) mmHg, (98.36±15.57) mmHg vs. (89.52±13.26) mmHg, (8.64±1.53) mmol/L vs. (7.95±1.28) mmol/L, (3.51±1.29) mmol/L vs. (2.95±1.04) mmol/L, (5.94±2.27) mmol/L vs. (2.19±0.86) mmol/L, 1.29±0.21 vs. 2.19±0.86, 48.84% vs. 25.35%, 30.23% vs. 14.08%, and 44.19% vs. 23.94%, the GCS score was significantly lower than that in the normal group: (4.69±1.87) scores vs. (6.37±1.52) scores, and there was statistical difference ( P<0.05 or<0.01). Compared with the normal group, there were significant differences in the bleeding site ( χ2 = 5.64, P = 0.010), bleeding volume ( χ2 = 5.35, P = 0.013), combined ventricular hemorrhage ( χ2 = 9.21, P = 0.002) and hydrocephalus ( χ2 = 4.79, P = 0.029). Multivariate analysis showed that BMI ( OR = 4.11, 95% CI 3.84 to 4.64, P = 0.039), history of hypertension ( OR = 8.71, 95% CI 6.28 to 9.52, P = 0.021), GCS score ( OR = 0.05, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.12, P = 0.012), bleeding volume ( OR = 3.09, 95% CI 2.16 to 4.03, P = 0.041), combined ventricular hemorrhage ( OR = 4.34, 95% CI 2.96 to 5.12, P = 0.023) and hydrocephalus ( OR = 6.40, 95% CI 5.63 to 6.89, P = 0.027) were all independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of PBH patients. Conclusions:BMI has a greater impact on the prognosis of PBH. Overweight/obese PBH patients also have hypertension history, low GCS score, large amount of bleeding, ventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, etc., which should be paid more attention to by clinicians, positively control the progress of the disease and improve the prognosis of patients.

Screening of a Small Molecule Compound Library Identifies Potential Drugs that Synergize with PARP Inhibitors against Ovarian Cancer Cells / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

PARP inhibitors are a new class of drugs that target cancer cells with defective DNA repair. Early trials have shown that PARP inhibitors have achieved satisfactory results, but the mechanism of resistance after drug treatment has not been fully revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to find more targeted drugs in combination with PARP inhibitors to kill tumor cells. In this paper, several potential drugs that can synergistically kill ovarian cancer cells with PARP inhibitors were identified based on the combined drug screening of 379 small molecule compound libraries and PARP inhibitor Niraparib through cell proliferation experiments, colony-formation survival experiments and immunofluorescence staining experiments. The results showed that there are eight small molecule compounds with good combination effects, including two small molecule inhibitors STF-118804 and Disulfiram that have been reported to have combined effects with PARP inhibitors. We selected GW441756, an inhibitor of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrKA), to verify a variety of tumor cells and explore the preliminary mechanism. The combined therapeutic effects of the Niraparib and the TrKA inhibitor increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to PARP inhibitors (P < 0. 05). Mechanistically, the number of γH2AX foci in the combined treatment group was significantly increased (P<0. 05), indicating that the TrKA inhibitor hindered the DNA damage repair ability. Moreover, combination therapy significantly reduced the formation of RAD51 foci (P<0. 05), a marker of homologous recombination repair (HRR), suggesting that TrKA inhibitors may inhibit DNA damage repair by inhibiting HRR efficiency. Overall, these results suggest that TrKA inhibitor can be used as a potential drug to kill ovarian cancer cells in combination with PARP inhibitors.

Effects of lysophosphatidic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury and TRPV1 expression in isolated mouse heart / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of lysophosphatidic acid on ischemia / reperfusion injury(IRI)and TRPV1 expression in isolated mouse heart.Methods The IRI model of isolated mouse heart was established by Langendorff device.The hearts in sham group were continuously perfused for 100 min.The hearts in IR group were stabilized for 10 min followed by no perfusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 60 min.Exogenous LPA was added in the K-H solution during IR in IR+LPA group while HA130, an LPA synthesis inhibitor, was intraperitoneally injected before IR in IR+HA130 group.The infarct volume was measured by TTC staining, the determination of LPA and LDH levels in coronary effluent and LPA concentration in serum was measured by ELISA method.Finally, the expression levels of pTRPV1/TRPV1 and Bcl-2/Bax in myocardial tissues were determined by Western blot.Results Compared with sham group, IR caused evident myocardial infarction and increased the levels of LDH and LPA in coronary effluent.The increase of LPA was linearly correlated with myocardial infarction volume.In addition, the protein levels of pTRPV1 and TRPV1 in myocardium increased, while the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased.The myocardial injury in IR+LPA group was aggravated.In contrast, myocardial IRI was reversed in IR+HA130 group.Conclusions Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induces the release of LPA, which aggravates myocardial post-ischemic injury, while the inhibition of LPA release exerts cardioprotective effects.The underlying mechanisms might be related to the regulation on cardiac TRPV1 expression and apoptotic signals.

Relationship Between Intestinal Flora and Bone and Joint Diseases and Regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Intestinal flora is the largest microbial community in human body， which consists of more than 1 000 species. Its structure and metabolites change dynamically with the age， diet and intestinal environment of the host. Study shows that the intestinal microbes play a pivotal role in regulating human physiological and pathological processes， and intestinal flora imbalance may be the key factors affecting the occurrence and development of bone and joint diseases， including osteoporosis， osteoarthritis， rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis. At present， calcitonin， estrogen， nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs， immunosuppressants， xanthine oxidase inhibitors and other western drugs are mostly used to treat the above diseases. However， long-term use of western drugs leads to poor compliance and obvious gastrointestinal adverse reactions among patients. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） predominates in the treatment of bone and joint diseases due to its low price， high efficacy and slight side effects， with the advantages of multi-targets， multi-mechanism and multi-levels. In recent years， many scholars have carried out experiments and clinical studies on the treatment of bone and joint diseases by TCMs on the basis of the liver and kidney theory such as "tonifying liver and kidney and strengthening muscles and bones". Gratifying results have been achieved. However， the mechanism of action has not been fully clarified. Intestinal flora becomes a hot spot in medical research， and a close relationship between intestinal flora and bone and joint diseases has been unveiled. Relevant literature in China and abroad showed that TCM has a significant effect on the treatment of bone and joint diseases by regulating intestinal flora. In this paper， the relationship between intestinal flora and bone and joint diseases was summarized and the intervention of TCM active ingredients and compounds on intestinal flora was reviewed to facilitate the prevention and treatment of bone and joint diseases by TCM.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Uygur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among Uygur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, as well as the factors influencing the development of DM.@*METHODS@#The cluster random sampling method was used to select 5 308 children, aged 4-18 years, from the middle and primary schools and kindergartens in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang. The survey methods included questionnaire survey and the measurement of height and weight. All subjects were tested for fasting fingertip blood glucose to investigate the prevalence of DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG).@*RESULTS@#A total of 5 184 valid questionnaires were collected. Fourteen children (0.27%) were found to have DM, among whom 8 had type 1 DM, 2 had type 2 DM, and 4 had unclassified DM. Twenty-nine children (0.56%) were found to have IFG. There was no significant difference in the prevalence rate of DM and IFG between boys and girls (P>0.05). The prevalence rate of DM was 0.18% in the 4-<10 years group, 0.47% in the 10-<15 years group, and 0.07% in the 15-18 years group (P=0.072).The prevalence rate of IFG in the above three age groups was 0.18%, 0.94%, and 0.42%, respectively, with a significant difference among groups (P=0.007). The proportion of family history of DM and the proportion of overweight/obesity in children with DM were significantly higher than those in children without DM (P<0.05), while the proportion of children with DM who preferred coarse grains was significantly lower than that in children without DM (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of DM and IFG in Uyghur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang is relatively low. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of DM among children of different genders or age groups, but the prevalence of IFG in children of different age groups is different. A family history of DM, overweight or obesity, and low intake of coarse grains might be associated with the development of DM.

Analysis on off-label use of drugs in pediatric guidelines and consensus published by Chinese authors / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To understand the current situation regarding pediatric off-label use of drugs recommendations in Chinese clinical practice guidelines and to make recommendations for standardized reporting format regarding off-label use of drugs for children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by systematically searching the databases for Chinese guideline consensus articles published in journals between 2018 and 2020 and extracting recommendations regarding off-label use of drugs from those articles. The essential characteristics of the included guidelines, the ranking of off-label drug types, the order of drug information, the type of off-label drug use, and the percentage of citation studies on which the recommendations were based were analyzed. Results: Among 108 studies that included Chinese off-label guidelines and consensus, 364 recommendations on pediatric off-label use of drugs were included. The Chinese Medical Association published the most, 48 out of the 108 studies (44.4%), and of those 14 studies (13.0%) were on infectious and parasitic diseases. Of the 364 recommendations on off-label use of drugs, the most commonly addressed drugs were 16 recommendations (4.4%) for cyclosporine A, 11 recommendations (3.0%) for methotrexate , and 11 recommendations (3.0%) for fentanyl. The most commonly addressed drug categories were as follows: 68 recommendations (18.6%) were immune system drugs, 66 recommendations (18.1%) were anti-infectives, and 56 recommendations (15.4%) were oncology drugs. The most commonly addressed drug information accounts were as follows: 364 recommendations (100.0%) were indications, 204 recommendations (56.0%) were dosages, and 198 recommendations (54.4%) were the route of administration. Based on the instructions approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration, the main forms of the off-label drug were as follows: 175 recommendations (48.1%) were unapproved indications, 127 recommendations (34.9%) were unapproved populations, and 72 recommendations (19.8%) were unapproved ages. Only 129 recommendations (35.4%) were cited, mainly including clinical guidelines (48 studies, 23.4%), reviews (22 studies, 10.7%), and pediatric randomized controlled trials (22 studies, 10.7%). Conclusions: Off-label use of drugs is commonly recommended in pediatric guidelines and consensus documents written by Chinese authors. However, the reporting of the recommendations varies widely, and the quality of the supporting evidence is poor.

Pre-attentive processing in autism spectrum disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.Its typical symptoms include social disorder, stereotyped behavior and restrictive interest.In addition, sensory abnormality is also a common symptom of ASD individuals.Pre-attentive processing is an automatic cognitive process that takes place before attention and is independent of consciousness, which reflects the ability to automatically detect changes in the environment of brain.Many researches show that the sensory abnormality and social ability disorder in ASD patients may be related to the defects in the pre-attentive processing stage.Mismatch negativity (MMN) is the most commonly used indicator of pre-attentive processing.ASD individuals show abnormal MMN in response to both social and non-social stimulus.Among them, the pre-attentive processing defect of non-social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by single tones, voice or visual stimuli, which is different from that of normal people.The pre-attentive processing defect of social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by emotional voice and emotional face, which is different from that of normal people.This result not only helps to find the physiological mechanism of sensory and social disorders in ASD individuals, but also provides theoretical support for MMN as an auxiliary diagnostic index of ASD.Future research on the pre-attentive processing of ASD individuals should pay more attention to enriching the research paradigms of MMN and adopting more kinds of social stimuli.At the same time, the influence of ASD genetic factors on MMN can also be one of the concerns of future research.

Clinical guideline for spinal reconstruction of osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture in elderly patients (version 2022) / 中华创伤杂志

Osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture in the elderly will seriously reduce their quality of life and life expectancy. For osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture in the elderly, spinal reconstruction is necessary, which should comprehensively consider factors such as the physical condition, fracture type, clinical characteristics and osteoporosis degree. While there lacks relevant clinical norms or guidelines on selection of spinal reconstruction strategies. In order to standardize the concept of spinal reconstruction for osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture in the elderly, based on the principles of scientificity, practicality and progressiveness, the authors formulated the Clinical guideline for spinal reconstruction of osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture in elderly patients ( version 2022), in which suggestions based on evidence of evidence-based medicine were put forward upon 10 important issues related to the fracture classification, non-operative treatment strategies and surgical treatment strategies in spinal reconstruction after osteoporosis thoracolumbar fracture in the elderly, hoping to provide a reference for clinical treatment.

Assessment of Malaria Microscopy Competency at Primary Health Institutions in the Chongqing Municipality.

Background: In April 2019, Chongqing passed the national malaria elimination assessment. However, around 30 imported malaria cases are still being reported every year, and Anopheles sinensis was widely distributed in Chongqing, meaning the risk of malaria resurgence still exists. Early diagnosis and treatment for malaria cases are effective measures to prevent malaria resurgence. The primary health institutions are the first station where potential malaria cases may seek treatment. The competency with which primary health institutions diagnose malaria will directly affect the timeliness of malaria diagnosis. Nowadays, most primary health institutions in Chongqing use microscopy to confirm malaria cases. This study assessed the microscopy competence of primary health institutions, studied and analyzed the results, and provided a scientific basis for malaria prevention and control after malaria elimination in Chongqing. Methods: According to the stratified sampling principle, four plasmodium microscopy technicians (156 in total) were selected from each of the 39 districts/counties of Chongqing to test the plasmodium microscopy competence. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, spatial self-correlation analysis, and ROC curve analysis were carried out on the test results. Result: The average of the technicians' test scores was 4.33 ± 0.47 (min: 3, mid: 4.5, max: 5); The spatial clustering of the scores was significant (MoranI = 0.338, Z = 3.618, P < 0.01). The test scores were positively correlated with the "level of work institutions" (R = 0.21, P < 0.01) but were negatively correlated with "age" (R = -0.31, P < 0.01). The highest Sensitivity of the technicians' microscopy was in qualitative diagnosis (98.92%, CI: 98.00-99.69%). The Delong's test showed that the diagnostic efficiency of the technicians' microscopy to P. falciparum was the best (P < 0.01), however to P. ovale was the worst (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The microscopy technicians in primary health institutions in Chongqing have good microscopy competency in qualitative diagnosis, but there were deficiencies in the identification of plasmodium species. Township level health institutions in Central China have weaker microscopy than those in other areas.

High-precision half-life measurement of 123Xe and 125Xe for fuel areal density diagnosing in inertial confinement fusion.

The half-lives of 123Xe and 125Xe are important to diagnose deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel areal density in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). In this work, those two half-lives have been measured with HPGe γ-ray spectrometers using the reference source method. Data have been recorded over seven half-lives with three independent measurements for 123Xe and two for 125Xe. New values of 123Xe (2.040 ± 0.009) h and 125Xe (17.048 ± 0.032) h have been determined with significant reduction of the uncertainty compared to the currently recommended value of (2.08 ± 0.02) and (16.9 ± 0.2) h, respectively.

Astragaloside IV alleviating chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiac injury by enhancing autophagy / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the protective effects of astragaloside IV (AS IV) on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) -induced cardiac injury. Methods Twenty-four male adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, CIH, CIH+ASIV, and ASIV group, 6 rats in each group. Circular nitrogen and oxygen were filled to make oxygen concentration change between 9%-21% for the CIH treated rats. The exposure cycle was repeated every 3 minutes, 8 hours/ day for 35 days. ASIV was given by intragastric administration daily before intermittent hypoxia exposure in the CIH+ASIV group and AS IV group. The control group and CIH group were given normal saline of the same quantity. Echocardiography was used to analyse cardiac function. Myocardial structure was assessed by HE and wheat germ agglutinin staining. The apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was detected by TUNEL assay. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart were detected by commercial kits. Western blotting was used to evaluate the levels of Bcl-2, Bax, LC3, Beclinl, P62, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Results In the CIH group, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs) were inhibited, the myocyte cells showed disordered arranged, enlarged diameters and higher apoptosis rate. The MDA content was significantly elevated and the SOD activity decreased in CIH group when compared with those of control. What's more, the expression level of Beclin 1 decreased while the P62 expression and the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio increased in the CIH group. Compared with the model group, the LVEF, LVIDs, SOD activity, LC3 H / I ratio, and Beclinl expression of rats in the CIH + AS IV group increased. The cardiomyocytes in the rats of CIH + ASIV group showed normal arrangement and diameters. The apoptosis rate, MDA content, P62 expression and the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio decreased in the CIH+ASIV group when compared with the CIH group. Conclusion AS IV can alleviate CIH-induced cardiac injury by promoting autophagy via mTOR.

Acupoint catgut embedding inhibiting neuroinflammation in vascular dementia rats / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the effect of acupoint catgut embedding on the expression of inflammatory factor mRNA in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signal pathway of vascular dementia (VD) rats, and to explore the protective mechanism of acupoint catgut embedding on the brain inflammatory response of VD rats. Methods VD model was established by the modified Pulsinelli ' s four vessel blocking method. Totally 148 male rats were randomly divided into VD model group, non acupoint catgut embedding group and acupoint catgut embedding group. On the 7th day after operation, catgut embedding at acupoints and catgut embedding at non acupoints were performed in the two treatment groups respectively, and materials were taken out 15 days later. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of COX-2 and PGE2, and real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interieukin(IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), IL-lβ, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 ( MCP-1 ) in rat hippocampus. Results Compared with the sham group, the expressions of COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α, ICAM-1, IL-6, MIP-2, IL-lβ and MCP-1 in hippocampus of the other three groups were significantly higher (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the expressions of COX-2, PGE2 protein and TNF-α, ICAM-1, IL-6, MIP-2, IL-lβ, MCP-1 mRNA in the hippocampus of the acupoint catgut embedding group and the non acupoint catgut embedding group decreased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion Acupoint catgut embedding can protect the brain from inflammatory injury by down-regulating the expression of related inflammatory factors in COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway and reducing the inflammatory response induced by VD rats.