[The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Hungary]. / Szájnyálkahártya-elváltozások elofordulási gyakorisága Magyarországon.

The aim of the survey was to recognize the lesions of the oral mucosa (any alterations from healthy normal tissues) related to gender, age, intraoral localization, geographic regions, according to smoking habits and dental surgery attendance, based on the data of "Epidemiological national survey on oral health 2003-2004.". In the nationwide survey 4606 people (2923 women, 1683 men) participated. Oral mucosal lesions registered in 10.14 and 9.41% in males and females (respectively). The highest prevalence of mucosal lesions occurred in 45-64 year old age group. The highest number of the oral lesions was found in the buccal mucosa in males (42%). In females the most of the lesions are registered on the hard palate (24%) and on the buccal mucosa (24%). By geographic regions the highest prevalence of oral mucosal lesions occurred in "Közép-Dunántúl" statistical region, and the lowest prevalence was found in "Dél-Dunántúl". Statistically significant correlation could be shown between prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and smoking habits (p < or = 0.05) and there was a significant correlation between the frequency of dental surgery attendance and the prevalence of mucosal lesions in the examined population. The data of this epidemiological study could serve a good base for planning of preventive programs in different populations in the future.

[Monitoring trends in fixed partial denture design based on national surveys]. / Fix fogmûvek jellemzôinek alakulása országos felmérések alapján.

To restore partially edentulous arches reasonable number of fixed partial dentures (FPD) are used in Hungary. This paper describes statistic parameters of these restorations based on analysis of a large sample size. Dentists of the Department of Prosthodontics performed oral health surveys according to WHO criteria, first survey in 1985-1989 and second in 2003-2004. The oral surveys were carried out at the lung cancer screening stations among those individuals originally referred to undergo x-ray lung screening examination. In the "first" survey data collected on 6224 FPD; in the "second" survey data collected on 3676 fixed restorations were analyzed. Besides time parameters, number of pontic teeth, abutment teeth to pontic teeth ratio (abutment saturation), position of pontic teeth in the arch, position of abutment teeth in the arch, main features of "tooth location" adjacent to restoration (remnant tooth, crown, artificial tooth, missing tooth), framework- and veneering materials were investigated. For interpreting data SPSS 10.0.5 for Windows was applied. Restorations' mean survival time was 9.34 +/- 8.47 years. Average number of FPD unit was: 6.34 for the maxillary and 4.62 for the mandibular jaw. Average number of abutment teeth was 3.58 in the upper and 2.82 in the lower jaw. Most frequent abutment teeth of both the maxillary and mandibular jaw were canines (23%) (20%). In order of frequency: pontics of the upper jaw replaced first premolars (27%) and second premolars (23%); lower jaw pontics replaced first molars (36%) and second premolars (21%). Findings of our survey demonstrated that results were much jaw dependent, while participants' sex and age influenced the outcome less. Comparison between left and right side of the arch revealed considerable symmetry. Recently collected data of 2004 have shown increased extension of fixed partial dentures with significantly higher number of abutment teeth involved. Statistical analysis of data collected on fixed partial dentures provide a sound basis for estimating the present oral health status of the population. Monitoring patterns of change have an important epidemiological relevance. Results of our present findings serve as a reliable source to plan future strategy of the dental care system and also helps to measure efficiency of the dental education system.

[Initial analysis of tooth drawings of 8-18 years old schoolchildren from normal population]. / Fogat ábrázoló rajzok alapparamétereinek vizsgálata normal populáción, 8-18 éves korcsoportban.

The connection between unconscious subjects and psycho-somatic manifestation is well known in the literature. Although more and more data is known about this connection related to the oro-facial region as well, investigation of this interesting problem is still has theoretical and clinical relevance. To collect more data about this field, 257 of tooth drawings of 8-18 years old schoolchildren from normal population were studied as a pilot to establish further investigations related to drawing-projections in connection with the oro-facial region. This first analysis of the data indicated that, gender correlates significantly with the size of the drawings (p< or =0.05), and localisation of the drawings (p< or =0.05). Differences between elementary schoolchildren and the more mature middle school children were detected as well related to subject (p< or =0.05) and localisation (p< or =0.05) of the drawings.

[Background data about the dental fear scores of Hungarian secondary school students]. / Adatok budapesti középiskolások fogászati kezeléssel kapcsolatos félelmeinek hátterérol.

Free association (coupling) of 139 Hungarian secondary school students (90 females, 49 males, age between 14-18 yr.) about their teeth was collected. Dental fear (DAS, DFS) and general anxiety scores were measured. Typical dental events (i.e.: simple and traumatising dental treatments, etc.) were coupled by the participants in 36,7% of the cases. Functions and importance of the teeth and oral hygiene were described in 7,2% of the cases. Simple, grotesque, or magical stories and tales about teeth were found in 16,5% of the cases. No answer was found in 39,6% of the cases. Highest dental fear and general anxiety scores were found in the group coupled traumatising dental treatment. Age had no influence on the sense of the association (coupling).

[Lexicologic parameters of free association (coupling) about teeth of Hungarian primary school children. An initial study]. / Fogakkal kapcsolatos történetek szótani alapparamétereinek vizsgálata általános iskolás (8-15 éves) korcsoportban.

Free association (coupling) of 97 Hungarian primary school children (age: 8-15 yrs, 44 male, 53 female) about their teeth was collected and analysed related to lexicologic parameters, as a pilot to establish further investigations. In some cases significant (p < or = 0.05) differences within the groups related to several topics were detected in the case of the length of the text and in the case of the distribution of etymons (root of word). Gender significantly influenced the length of the text as well. Some effect of dental fear and anxiety on the length of the text, and on the etymon's distribution may also be possible. The analysis of the most frequently used words indicated some coupling of pain and fear, and the importance of the mother in how the children see dental life events.

[Effectiveness of psychotherapy in the treatment of denture intolerance. Evaluation of 25 cases]. / Fogpótlás intoleranciás betegek pszichoterápiájában szerzett tapasztalatok értékelése 25 eset alapján.

25 "problem-patients" of the Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry participated in this study (21 female, 4 male, aged between 32-81 yr.; mean age: 56.92+/-12.09). All included therapies were provided by dentists specialised in psychotherapy, and the efficacy of our model to treat denture intolerance patients was analysed based on the time need, and other parameters. Psychiatric diagnostic (ICD-10) categories were: F20-29: 12%; F30-39: 40%, F40-48: 36%; F60-69: 12%. The efficacy of the provided psychotherapy was: recovery in 44% (patient accepted the denture); improvement in 32% (patient compromised to accept the denture); no effect in 24% (the patient did not accept the denture). Number of psychotherapeutic sittings ranged: 1-10 in 24%; 10-20 in 28%, 20-30 in 16%, 30-40 in 8%; 40-50 in 8%; 50-60 in 12%; and 80-90 in 4% of the cases. Our results indicate that, the efficacy of dentists specialised in psychotherapy is appropriate to treat denture intolerance patients. However, treatments are rather time consuming, and 24% of the cases are unsuccessful. Because of this, the prevention and early diagnosis of this problems are crucial.

[Background data about the high dental fear scores of Hungarian 8-15-year-old primary school children]. / Adatok általános iskolás (8-15 éves) gyermekek fogászati kezeléssel kapcsolatos félelmeinek hátterérol.

Free associations (coupling) of 139 Hungarian primary school children about their teeth was collected. Dental fear (DAS, DFS) and general anxiety scores were measured. Typical dental events (i.e.: loss of deciduous teeth, simple and traumatising dental treatments, tooth fractures) were coupled by the participants in 41.0% of the cases. Functions and importance of the teeth and oral hygiene were described in 20.1% of the cases. Simple, grotesque, or magical stories and tales about teeth were found in 8.6% of the cases. No answer was given in 30.2% of the cases. Highest dental fear and general anxiety scores were found in the group coupled traumatising dental treatment. Traumatising loss of deciduous teeth was caused by the dentist or by the father of the child, and was associated with higher dental fear and general anxiety comparing to simple loss of deciduous teeth. Higher dental fear and general anxiety scores were found in the group coupled functions and importance of the teeth comparing to the group coupled simple, grotesque, or magical stories and tales, or the group giving no answer.

[Some background data about the high dental anxiety of the Hungarian population]. / Adatok a hazai populáció fokozott fogászati szorongásának hátteréról.

100 dental patients waiting for hypnotic dental treatment (n = 100, 58 female, 42 male, mean age: 36.4 +/- 10.6 yr.) was investigated about their perceived origins of dental anxiety. Dental anxiety levels (DAS, DFS) and general anxiety were measured as well. Mean dental anxiety scores were high (DAS: 12.5 +/- 3.3; DFS: 47.9 +/- 17.3). The most frequent reason of high dental anxiety was previous painful dental treatment (20.0%), dislike of dentist's behaviour (15.0%), treatment error (5.0%), and "other reasons" (4.0%). A large amount of the patients (48.0%) did not know what to expect, and 8.0% indicate no fear related to dentistry. Previous painful dental treatment induced the highest dental anxiety (DAS: 15.1 +/- 3.1; DFS: 58.1 +/- 20.3), followed by the "other reasons" (DAS: 14.0 +/- 0.8; DFS: 50.5 +/- 13.5), treatment error (DAS: 13.0 +/- 3.7; DFS: 49.0 +/- 16.1), and dislike of dentist's behaviour (DAS: 11.4 +/- 2.8; DFS: 45.0 +/- 12.5). Increased general anxiety was found in the groups indicated previous painful dental treatment, "other reasons", and no expectation.

Photo-acoustic stimulation increases the amount of 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) in human whole saliva. A pilot study.

Long-term photo-acoustic stimulation leads to changes in the composition of saliva, which may have a key contribution to the effectivity of this technique in easing mucosal symptoms of psychosomatic patients. In the present study a significant (P

Effect of an "all-in-one" adhesive on pulp blood vessels: a vitalmicroscopic study of rat's teeth.

The newly developed self-etching, self-priming all-in-one adhesives are appealing to clinicians because they are simple and efficient to use. These single-application bonding systems contain chemically active compounds that can alter pulpal blood circulation when applied to deep dentin surfaces. Since adequate microcirculation and oxygenation are the basic requirements for tissue survival, the aim of this study was to investigate the immediate vascular effect of a new self-etching adhesive, Prompt L-Pop/composite and compomer version/(test group). The technique of vitalmicroscopy was used to record the changes in vessel diameter of the first lower incisor of 20 (10-10 in each group) male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 315 +/- 74/SE/g) prior to, and at 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the investigated materials were applied to dentin. The application of saline served as the untreated control. The systemic arterial pressure remained unchanged throughout the experiments both in the control (110 +/- 8 mmHg) and in test animals (114 +/- 4 mmHg). In control rats, the diameter of the vessels was stable during the experiment. In the presence of Prompt L-Pop, the diameters decreased significantly during the experimental period (5 minutes: -11.15 +/- 5.03%; 15 minutes: -14.66 +/- 7.71%; 30 minutes: -13.35 +/- 5.79%; 60 minutes: -11.82 +/- 5.63% p < 0.05 in each cases). In this group, stasis developed in pulpal circulation was 1 out of 10 rats. The results from the rat model used in this study suggest that Prompt L-Pop may result in compromised pulpal microcirculation.

[The effect of heat stimulation and mechanical stress (massage) of salivary glands on the secretory parameters of salivary Hsp70. A pilot study]. / Lokális ho- es mechanikai stressz (masszázs) stimuláció hatása az emberi kevert nyál molekuláris chaperon (Hsp70) koncentrációjára. Elozetes vizsgálatok.

The presence of Hsp70 in human whole saliva was demonstrated in the authors' previous study. In the recent study the authors investigated, whether repeated, short-term heat and mechanical stimulation of the salivary glands can specifically modify the salivary Hsp70 concentration in the human whole saliva. Some other basic secretory parameters, like salivary secretion rate, total protein concentration and amylase activity of the whole saliva were also measured. Both kind of stimulation increased the secretory rate significantly (p < or = 0.05), during stimulation, but it decreased to control level in resting phases. Hsp70 concentration increased after the first stimulation in the case of mechanical stress and after the second stimulation in the case of heat stimulation. In contrast, a significant (p < or = 0.05) confluent increase of total protein concentration and amylase activity occurred after the first stimulation in the case of heat stimulation and after the second stimulation in the case of mechanical stress. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the durability and clinical importance of salivary changes following local heat and massage stimulation.

[Effectiveness of standardized direct suggestions in dental hypnosis]. / Standard direkt szuggesztiók hatékonyságának vizsgálata fogászati hipnózisban.

The frequency of occurrence of amnesia, analgesia and time distortion during hypnotic dental treatments (n = 60) was investigated on high dental anxiety patients. Hypnosis with and without standardised direct suggestions related to amnesia, analgesia and time distortion were compared. Treatment of alert patients without direct suggestions (n = 10) were also used for comparison. Amnesia and time distortion was higher (p < or = 0.05) with the use of suggestions under hypnotic conditions, but analgesia was not significantly different. Alert appearance of the events were in all cases less (p < or = 0.01) than under hypnotic conditions.

[Effects of photo-acoustic stimulation combined with hypnotherapy on saliva secretion. A pilot study]. / A fény-hang stimulációval kombinált hipnoterápia hatásai a nyálszekrécióra. Elózetes klinikai vizsgálatok.

Effect of photo-acoustic stimulation on the flow rate and protein concentration of whole saliva was investigated. 10 medical students' and 11 edentulous patients' salivary volume and protein concentrations were measured before, during, and after stimulation. The flow rate of the students' group was significantly higher (p < or = 0.01) before and after the treatment, whereas the protein concentration was significantly lower (p < or = 0.05) before, during and after treatment comparing to the patients' group. The flow rate of the students' groups significantly decreased during stimulation (p < or = 0.05). Salivary protein concentration of the students' group significantly increased (p < or = 0.05) after stimulation. There were no significant changes in the group of patients. Repeated stimulation combined with hypnotic relaxation was used in the case of 4 psychosomatic patients. Resting salivary flow and protein concentration significantly increased in 2 cases (p < or = 0.05) as a result of the therapy.

[Time parameters of dental hypnosis]. / A fogászati hipnózis idóparaméterei.

Dental treatments of high dental anxiety patients (n = 20) under hypnotic conditions were investigated. Time need of main hypnotic events like rapport; induction: deepening; calming: developing imagination; dehypnosis; discussion was measured. Total time was significantly higher (p < or = 0.05) than pure dental treatment time, but the time the patients percepted was significantly less then total (p < or = 0.05), even somewhat less then pure dental treatment time. Time distortion correlated significantly (negative Pearson's correlation; p < or = 0.05) with the time need of rapport (-0.50), calming (-0.51) and dehipnosis (-0.46), and with the time need of developing delightful imagination (+0.57) (positive Pearson's correlation; p < or = 0.05). There was no significant correlation between time distortion and the time need of hypnotic induction, deepening, total time need of hypnosis, or pure dental treatment time.

[Modification of the photo-acoustic stimulation in the psychotherapy of oral psychosomatic patients. Preliminary experiences]. / Módosítások a fény-hang stimuláció pszichoterápiás alkalmazásában. Elsó tapasztalatok oro-faciális kórképek terápiájában.

The possible use of a modified photo-acoustic stimulation technique was investigated in the explorative part of the psychotherapy of atypical oro-facial pain patients (n = 20; 13 females, 7 males; age between 39-59; psychiatric diagnostic categories in ICD-10: F41.2, F45.1) Since the stimulatory effects of this method cause difficulties to induce free imaginations, previously the main indication of this technique was the ego-strengthening of the patients, to help them to recognise and to verbalise emotions. In the modified technique, specific suggestions coming from detected changes of the patients' emotions, their symptoms, or their social activities are used. Our early results suggest that the modified technique advantageously speeded up the therapeutic process, but did not change the final therapeutic outcome.

[Epidemiologic study of dental fear in school children 8-15 years of age]. / Fogászati kezeléstöl való félelem epidemiológiai vizsgálata általános iskolás (8-15 éves) korcsoportban.

Authors investigated the dental fear scores (DAS, DFS) of 139 primary school children in Budapest, Hungary (72 females, 67 males, ages between 8-15 years). Sex and age had no effect on the scales. Mean dental fear scores were high (DAS: 10.7 +/- 3.7, DFS: 40.4 +/- 15.3). A strong correlation between DAS and DFS, and somewhat lower correlation between these scales and the general anxiety scales were demonstrated. Children's evaluation of the dental fear of the family and relations strongly correlated with dental fear and moderately with general anxiety. The results indicate that, dental fear is influenced by dental fear of family and relations, and general anxiety, but much less influenced by other demographic variables (i.e. age, sex) in primary-school children.

[Statistical analysis of the "Dental Fear Questionnaire" surveying various subpopulations in Hungary]. / A "Fogászati félelem kérdóív" ("Dental Fear Survey") statisztikai elemzése különbözó mintacsoportokon.

Authors investigated the Dental Fear Survey scores (DFS) of 362 persons from several subpopulations living in Budapest. Subjects were: 253 females, 109 males, aged 14 to 73 years. Scores of the items related to dental handpiece and anaesthetic needle were the highest. The group the participants belonged to influenced 19 items, marital status and age influenced 13 items, and sex influenced 10 items of the DFS significantly (one-way ANOVA, p < or = 0.05). Scores related to dental handpiece were higher than scores related to the anaesthetic needle, and the scores of the 20th item ("overall fear of dentistry") were near to the scores of most fearful items, indicating some "phobic character" of the Hungarian population.

Hsp70 is present in human saliva.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that chaperones are also present outside the cell, exerting cytokine-like effects and influencing immune recognition. Hsp70 has been found to be present in human blood sera. Chaperonins Cpn10 and Cpn60 are present in pancreatic juice, but Hsp70 is not. These observations raise the possibility that molecular chaperones may be present in other secretory fluids, such as human saliva. MATERIAL/METHODS: Human whole saliva was collected from six participants under resting conditions and secretory stimulation. The samples were precleared by centrifugation and sterile filtered. Salivary volume, protein concentration and amylase activity were determined. For detection of Hsp70 saliva proteins were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE. Semi-dry Western blot analysis was used with a primary antibody against the inducible form of Hsp70. Hsp70 bands were detected with a horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody and ECL-Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: A single band was recognized around 70 kDa in the saliva of all the participants. There was a significant decrease of Hsp70, and a non-significant decrease of total protein concentration during stimulation, whereas the activity of salivary amylase increased significantly. Stimulation significantly increased the Hsp70, total protein and amylase outputs as well as the amylase/protein ratio, and decreased the Hsp70/amylase and Hsp70/protein ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Hsp70 is secreted to saliva, but unlike amylase is not transported by the exocytotic secretory mechanisms of acinar cells. Passive transport mechanisms of Hsp70 from blood serum or from salivary gland cells may be major routes of salivary Hsp70 secretion.

[The Hungarian version of the "Dental Beliefs Survey (DBS)--preliminary data in the Hungarian population]. / A "Fogászati vélemény kérdóív" ("Dental Beliefs Survey") magyar fordítása. Az elsó mérések eredményei hazal populáción.

The Hungarian version of DBS was analysed on 100 participants (64 females, 36 males, mean age: 36.4 +/- 14.3) from 5 subgroups: dental students (n = 20), other intellectuals (n = 20), dental nurses (n = 19), dental patients (n = 20), family doctor's patients (n = 21). Mean values were: DBS: 29.1 +/- 10.8; DAS: 10.6 +/- 3.9; DFS: 39.0 +/- 16.7. Family doctor's patients scored higher (p < or = 0.05) on DBS than all other groups, and dental students scored lower on DBS than all other groups (p < or = 0.05; except other intellectuals). DBS scores of age group between 21-30 yrs. differed significantly from age groups 31-40 yrs. (p < or = 0.05) and 41-50 yrs. (p < or = 0.01). There were no differences related to gender and marital status related to DBS scores. Positive Pearson's correlation (p < or = 0.05) of DBS was stronger related to dental anxiety scores (DAS: r = 0.56, DFS: r = 0.63) than related to general anxiety scores, whereas Pearson's correlation between DAS and DFS scores was even more prominent (r = 0.82, p < or = 0.05).

[Epidemiological study of dental fear scores in several Hungarian sub-populations]. / Epidemiológiai adatok néhány hazai szubpopuláció fogászati kezeléssel kapcsolatos félelmeiról.

Authors investigated the dental fear scores (DAS, DFS) and anxieties of 362 persons from several sub-populations living in Budapest. The subjects were: 253 females, 109 males, aged 14 to 73. Dental fear scores were rather high (DAS: 11.0 +/- 3.6; DFS: 42.0 +/- 16.0). Age influenced the dental fear scales (DAS and DFS) only; sex, and marital status influenced both dental fear scales and general anxiety scales (one-way ANOVA). A strong correlation between DAS and DFS, and somewhat lower correlation between these scales and the general anxiety scales were also demonstrated.