ABSTRACT
Cytology is an essential and indispensable procedure in the evaluation of patients suspect of harboring a tumor of the lower urinary tract. The interpretation of the cytologic sample is difficult but, in experienced hands, the value of the procedure is significant to the urologist.
Subject(s)
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Cytodiagnosis , DNA, Neoplasm/analysis , Diagnostic Errors , Flow Cytometry , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Ploidies , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis , Urine/cytologyABSTRACT
Loop and Roux-en-Y ureterostomies are compared. Both methods have a place if diversion is necessary in cases of severe hydronephrosis and decompensated ureters. Although the loop ureterostomy has advantages, it can lead to problems, i.e., the nonfunctioning and the contracted bladder. This serious complication is not seen after Roux-en-Y ureterostomy, because the bladder continues to function. The localization of the new pyeloureteral junction is discussed as the formation of kinks in this region must be avoided.