ABSTRACT
Once an obese patient has failed attempts at diet modification, physical activity, pharmacologic treatment, and possibly even complementary and alternative therapies, the next step is to consider surgical management. Treatment plans must be customized for individual patients and should involve evaluation by the primary care provider, a dietician, psychologist, and surgeon. Then depending on the individual's needs, comorbidities, and candidacy, a specific surgical intervention may be necessary. These procedures are restrictive, malabsorptive, and a combination of both. Each procedure has its own short-term and long-term complications and must be monitored for the rest of the individual's life.
Subject(s)
Bariatric Surgery/methods , Obesity/surgery , Bariatric Surgery/adverse effects , Humans , Weight LossABSTRACT
Unique anatomic and pathophysiologic features of the thermally burned pediatric hand are reviewed, with a focus on direct management of the injured tissue in the early phases of the treatment process. A nonoperative approach to most pediatric hand burns is advocated, and principles of early wound care, including antimicrobial therapy, and escharotomy are described. Specific emphasis is placed on distinctive characteristics of the fifth digit which make it prone to contracture patterns resembling a boutonniere-type deformity and on newer wound care technologies that simplify the application process without loss of antimicrobial and barrier function. The technical principles of full-thickness burn excision, as well as considerations in selecting suitable graft for burn closure, are also discussed. Finally, basic techniques for splinting, positioning, and exercising the burned pediatric hand are described. When properly applied, the principles discussed herein have rendered the severely scarred, functionless hand a rarity after thermal injury.
Subject(s)
Burns/therapy , Cicatrix/prevention & control , Hand Injuries/therapy , Acute Disease , Biological Dressings , Burns/classification , Burns/rehabilitation , Child , Child, Preschool , Contracture/prevention & control , Debridement/methods , Decompression, Surgical/methods , Hand Injuries/classification , Hand Injuries/rehabilitation , Humans , Infant , Occlusive Dressings , Pediatrics , Skin Transplantation/methodsABSTRACT
Obesity presents a risk factor for flap-related complications in autologous tissue breast reconstruction. In this study, an animal model was developed to examine this phenomenon. Abdominal flaps based on a superficial inferior epigastric pedicle were elevated in an experimental group of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats (n = 8; mean weight, 413 g) and in their lean littermates (n = 9; mean weight, 276 g). Flap tissue was harvested from a subset of both groups for baseline characterization, including histology, and assays for ATP and oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, UCP-2. Flaps were then evaluated for survival by planimetry at 4 and 7 days postprocedure. Flap survival 7 days postoperatively was reduced in obese (42.0% +/- 8.6%) versus lean (70.3% +/- 6.7%) rats (P < 0.05). At baseline, flap tissue of obese animals had decreased ATP content relative to lean counterparts (0.12 +/- 0.12 nM/microg vs 0.36 +/- 0.23 nM/microg protein, P < 0.05), whereas UCP2 mRNA was higher in obese flap tissue versus lean. Reduced viability of obese flaps may be attributable to decreased baseline energy stores due to oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling by UCP-2. This study is the first to introduce a promising animal model for examining the effect of obesity on increased flap-related complications in breast reconstruction using autologous tissue.
