ABSTRACT
Many children are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but the impact of this on behavior at a dental visit has not been examined. This study compared the behaviors of children with and without ADHD during a dental recall visit. Forty-two children with and forty-two without ADHD (fifty-six boys and twenty-eight girls, ages 6.0 through 10.6 years of age) were selected from a chart review at a hospital dental clinic. Every child was observed in the dental chair before and during the dental visit. Tell-show-do was utilized with every patient. Each child was evaluated for compliance or resistance and was rated using the Frankl behavior rating scale. Behavior ratings of children with and without ADHD were not statistically different. This could indicate that children with and without ADHD behave similarly in the dental setting. Use of Tell-show-do and presence of a pediatric dentist trained in child psychology could have contributed to this similarity.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications , Child Behavior , Dental Care for Children/methods , Dental Care for Disabled/methods , Office Visits , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Care for Children/statistics & numerical data , Dental Care for Disabled/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Male , Office Visits/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The activity of the ZnTP (Felicetti und Rath 1975; Rath and Felicetti 1975) was investigated histo- and biochemically in neurinomas of trigeminal nerves of rats. The tumors were induced by a single transplacental pulse of 30 mg ENU/kg on the 17th day of gestation. The rats were killed at the age of 40 to 160 days. The activity of the ZnTP is demonstrated histochemically by a coupling azo dye technique with 1-naphthylphosphate after Rath and Felicetti (1975) as well as a lead nitrate method with 4-nitrophenyl phosphate at the age of 40 to 140 days. Biochemical investigations of the trigeminal nerves are performed at the age of 140 and 160 days only. The separation of ZnTP is carried out by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels after Felicetti and Rath (1975). Together 14 neurinomas are found in the trigeminal nerves of 53 rats. All neurinomas show a high activity of the ZnTP. The ZnTP activity is absent in normal Schwann cells. Three trigeminal nerves of rats subjects to the transplacental pulse of ENU harbour small foci of ZnTP activity without detectable neoplastic cell proliferation. Similar spots of enhanced ZnTP activity have never been found in control rats. This rises suspicion that the neoplastic proliferation of cells is preceded by the activation of ZnTP.
Subject(s)
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/enzymology , Neurilemmoma/enzymology , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism , Trigeminal Nerve , Animals , Female , Histocytochemistry , Male , Neoplasms, Experimental , Rats , Tartrates/pharmacology , Trigeminal Nerve/enzymology , Zinc/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A zinc activated tartrate resistent phosphatase (ZnTP) of the brain of different animal species was separated by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. It is demonstrable selectively in the presence of 20 mM zinc acetate and 10 mM D,L-sodium tartrate or of 100 mM zinc acetate only. The ZnTP hydrolyzes 1-naphthyl phosphate and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, respectively. High activity of ZnTP is evident in the brains of rats and rabbits. The activity is moderate or absent in the brains of mice, syrian-hamsters, sheeps, cats, rhesus monkeys, and of human beings. The isoelectric points of the enzyme from the various species are different, but the molecular weight is identical (65 000 estimated by gelfiltration on Sephadex G 100 in the brain of rat, rabbit, syrian-hamster, and man). A method of quantitative evaluation of ZnTP activity is described.
Subject(s)
Brain/enzymology , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism , Tartrates/pharmacology , Zinc/pharmacology , Animals , Cats , Cricetinae , Enzyme Activation , Haplorhini , Humans , Isoelectric Focusing , Macaca mulatta , Mesocricetus , Mice , Molecular Weight , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/isolation & purification , Rabbits , Rats , Sheep , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
An acid phosphatase which is highly activated by zinc acetate is demonstrated histochemically in the medulla of adrenal gland of the rat. It is shown that the acid phosphatases demonstrable histochemically in the medulla of adrenal gland are strongly inhibited by sodium tartrate while acid phosphatase demonstrable histochemically in presence if zinc acetate is tratrate resistant.
Subject(s)
Acid Phosphatase/analysis , Adrenal Medulla/enzymology , Animals , Enzyme Activation , Histocytochemistry , Male , Rats , Tartrates , ZincABSTRACT
The paper describes an acid phosphatase from rat brain extracts, which is highly activated by zinc acetate. The separation of the different acid phosphatases was performed by gel electrofocusing. After staining with 1-naphthyl phosphate and hexazonium pararosanilin or stabilized diazonium salts in the presence of zinc acetate and sodium tartrate is this zinc activable enzyme fraction nearly selectively demonstrable. With the method of gelfiltration on Sephadex G 100 two fractions of acid phosphatase splitting 4-nitrophenyl phosphate with a very different molecular weight were obtained. In the presence of zinc acetate a third peak of acid phosphatase appears, which is highly activated by zinc and is different from the two other phosphatases. The gel electrofocusing of the last peak showed that it is identical with the above described, though not yet pure. By the fact that it can hydrolyze both 1-naphthyl phosphate and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH = 4.8 and that it is activated by zinc acetate but resistant to tartrate, we would call it zinc activable tartrat resistant acid phosphatase. It is possible to demonstrate this enzyme histochemically. The enzyme activity is especially high in the stromal cells of the plexus chorioideus. After further purification and characterization of this enzyme it could be possible to distinguish it from other zinc activable acid phosphatases in different tissues and body fluids.
Subject(s)
Acid Phosphatase/isolation & purification , Brain/enzymology , Acetates/pharmacology , Acid Phosphatase/analysis , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Choroid Plexus/enzymology , Chromatography, Gel , Histocytochemistry , Isoelectric Focusing , Male , Molecular Weight , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Stimulation, Chemical , Zinc/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The tartrat resistant zinc activated acid phosphatase (ZT-AP) was investigated in 17 glial microtumours of the rat brain. The tumours were induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea injected to newborn rats subcutaneously (85 mg/kg body weight). The morphology of these microtumours corresponds to the statements in the literature. In regard to their behaviour of the investigated enzyme the microtumours may be divided in 2 groups: 1) Microtumours with an activity of acid phosphatases but without any histochemically demonstrable activity of ZT-AP. Histologically they correspond to oligodendric microgliomas. 2) Microtumours with a high activity of acid phosphatases and a remarkable activity of ZT-AP especially in the perivascular cell proliferations. This type corresponds histologically to the astrocytic and mixed glial proliferations including glioblastomas. According to our present findings the ZT-AP was found in astrocytes and especially in mesenchymal cells. In some cases a focal increased activity of ZT-AP could also be observed before histological alterations appeared. We regard it as an early stage of the development of tumours.
