Reproductive biology of a characidiinae (osteichthyes, characidae) from the Ubatiba river, Maricá -- RJ

The Ubatiba river is a coastal stream subject to stochastic spates all over the year and, Characidium sp.n. is among the twenty-two species that compose its ichthyofauna. In this study we analyse some traits of its reproductive biology and discuss whether the adopted strategy has causal relationship with the environmental variables. Specimens were collected in the upper Ubatiba river. Samplings, were carried out monthly by electrofishing, between Oct./94 and Sep./95. Some differences between male and female strategies were observed. Females were significantly (p 0.05) bigger than males; length -- weight relationship was different (p 0.05) between sexes with the onset of sexual maturity occuring at smaller sizes among males. Reproductive investment is high for both males and females but higher for males, maximum Gonadosomatic Index for females and males were 40.97% and 44.90%, respectively. Reproductive specimens were registered all over the year, suggesting continuous reproduction. High values of fecundity were also registered varying from 1342 to 5535 eggs for ripe females of 4.4 and 7.0 cm, respectively and an amount of 1105 oocytes per grams of fish. We suggest that differences in the reproductive strategy, between sexes, determine the observed patterns in the size structure; the absence of males in the higher SL classes could be a consequence of high mortality rates and/or reduction in the growth rates as a precocity consequence in the onset of reproduction and/or high reproductive investment. Relationship between continuous reproduction and environmental condition could be explained as an adaptation to maximise supervivency of the young fishes that is: guarantee the species maintenance in a stochastic environment.

O rio Ubatiba é um riacho costeiro sujeito a chuvas torrenciais imprevisíveis e Characidium sp.n. é uma das 22 espécies que compõem sua ictiofauna. Neste estudo, são analisados alguns aspectos de sua reprodução e discutidas possíveis relações de causalidade entre a estratégia adotada e a situação ambiental. Os exemplares estudados são provenientes do trecho superior do rio Ubatiba. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, por pesca elétrica, entre out./94 e set./95. Foram registradas algumas diferenças nas estratégias de machos e fêmeas. As fêmeas foram significativamente (p 0,05) maiores que os machos; a relação peso/comprimento é significativamente diferente (p 0,05) entre os sexos; e na primeira maturação também há diferenças entre os sexos. O investimento reprodutivo é alto para ambos os sexos, mas levemente superior para os machos, sendo o Índice Gônado Somático máximo de fêmeas e machos de 40,97% e 44,90%, respectivamente. Exemplares reprodutivos foram freqüentes ao longo de todo o ano, sugerindo que a reprodução da população é contínua. A fecundidade variou de 1.342 a 5.535 ovócitos para fêmeas maduras de 4,4 a 7,0 cm, respectivamente, sendo produzidos 1.105 ovócitos por grama de peixe. Sugerimos que as diferenças na estratégia reprodutiva de machos e fêmeas determinam o padrão observado na estrutura de tamanho, sendo a ausência de machos nas maiores classes de SL conseqüência da precocidade da 1ª maturação e/ou do alto investimento reprodutivo. A relação entre a reprodução contínua da população e as condições ambientais poderiam ser explicadas como uma adaptação para maximizar a sobrevivência de jovens, isto é, garantir a manutenção da espécie em um ambiente imprevisível.

Reproductive biology of a characidiinae (osteichthyes, characidae) from the Ubatiba river, Maricß -- RJ

The Ubatiba river is a coastal stream subject to stochastic spates all over the year and, Characidium sp.n. is among the twenty-two species that compose its ichthyofauna. In this study we analyse some traits of its reproductive biology and discuss whether the adopted strategy has causal relationship with the environmental variables. Specimens were collected in the upper Ubatiba river. Samplings, were carried out monthly by electrofishing, between Oct./94 and Sep./95. Some differences between male and female strategies were observed. Females were significantly (p < 0.05) bigger than males; length -- weight relationship was different (p < 0.05) between sexes with the onset of sexual maturity occuring at smaller sizes among males. Reproductive investment is high for both males and females but higher for males, maximum Gonadosomatic Index for females and males were 40.97 percent and 44.90 percent, respectively. Reproductive specimens were registered all over the year, suggesting continuous reproduction. High values of fecundity were also registered varying from 1342 to 5535 eggs for ripe females of 4.4 and 7.0 cm, respectively and an amount of 1105 oocytes per grams of fish. We suggest that differences in the reproductive strategy, between sexes, determine the observed patterns in the size structure; the absence of males in the higher SL classes could be a consequence of high mortality rates and/or reduction in the growth rates as a precocity consequence in the onset of reproduction and/or high reproductive investment. Relationship between continuous reproduction and environmental condition could be explained as an adaptation to maximise supervivency of the young fishes that is: guarantee the species maintenance in a stochastic environment

Light and electron microscopy oogenesis in matrinxã, Brycon cephalus.

Oocyte development has been divided into 5 distinct stages in the reared matrinxã, Brycon cephalus, based on morphological criteria by light and transmission electron microscopy: I) chromatin-nucleolus; II) perinucleolar; III) cortical alveoli; IV) vitellogenesis; V) final maturation. In stages I and II (primary growth), oocytes reside in nests close to other oocytes (chromatin-nucleolus phase) and then within a definitive follicle (perinucleolar phase) where they greatly increase in size (the Balbiani vitelline body is the main cytoplasmic component in these latter oocytes), respectively. In stage III (cortical alveolus phase) oocytes are distinguished by the appearance of variably sized cortical alveoli and the number of these structures increases steadily towards hydration. The vitelline envelope becomes prominent. In the process of vitellogenesis (stage IV) one major accumulation of yolk proteins occurs in oocytes. In stage V (final maturation), oocyte increase slightly in size. Follicle cells go through a primordial stage and later change to a squamous and to a cubical shape. The chorion grows to a tripartite structure: an outer thin porous layer, an intermediate homogenous layer and an inner thick helicoidal layer. The ovulation of females matrinxã, required hormonal stimulation and this occurred 6 and 8 h after the second application.

Reproductive biology of a Characidiinae (Osteichthyes, Characidae) from the Ubatiba River, Maricá-RJ.

The Ubatiba river is a coastal stream subject to stochastic spates all over the year and, Characidium sp.n. is among the twenty-two species that compose its ichthyofauna. In this study we analyse some traits of its reproductive biology and discuss whether the adopted strategy has causal relationship with the environmental variables. Specimens were collected in the upper Ubatiba river. Samplings, were carried out monthly by electrofishing, between Oct./94 and Sep./95. Some differences between male and female strategies were observed. Females were significantly (p < 0.05) bigger than males; length--weight relationship was different (p < 0.05) between sexes with the onset of sexual maturity occuring at smaller sizes among males. Reproductive investment is high for both males and females but higher for males, maximum Gonadosomatic Index for females and males were 40.97% and 44.90%, respectively. Reproductive specimens were registered all over the year, suggesting continuous reproduction. High values of fecundity were also registered varying from 1342 to 5535 eggs for ripe females of 4.4 and 7.0 cm, respectively and an amount of 1105 oocytes per grams of fish. We suggest that differences in the reproductive strategy, between sexes, determine the observed patterns in the size structure; the absence of males in the higher SL classes could be a consequence of high mortality rates and/or reduction in the growth rates as a precocity consequence in the onset of reproduction and/or high reproductive investment. Relationship between continuous reproduction and environmental condition could be explained as an adaptation to maximise supervivency of the young fishes that is: guarantee the species maintenance in a stochastic environment.

Electrofishing as a sampling technique for coastal stream fish populations and communities in the Southeast of Brazil.

Electrofishing adequacy was tested as a technique to obtain quantitative data of coastal stream fish populations and communities in the Southeast of Brazil. Seven field trips, between July/94 and July/95, were done in 5 localities of the Ubatiba fluvial system (Maricá, RJ). Seventeen species, among the 22 collected, had their numbers estimated through the Zipping method, the model used to test the sampling methodology. At each field trip, three removals with electrofishing were done in each locality and, according to the number of obtained species at each locality/field trip, we analysed 315 cases. Nineteen cases, among 315, showed failure condition. Estimates were significant (p < 0.01) in 96% of the studied cases. Non-significant cases were obtained for rare species due to over and randomly efficient electrofishing in 63.3% and 36.4% of the cases, respectively. No correlation was found between catchability and the estimated number of individuals and/or environmental characteristics. High values for sampling efficiency (> 85%) were found for all estimates. An experimental analyses were done for one locality and, the comparison between the estimates for 3 and 6 successive removals showed a mean error and a standard deviation of 5.5% and 2.1% respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that electrofishing was an efficient method for quantitative data analysis of fish populations and communities in the Ubatiba fluvial system.

Ultrastructure of the germ cells in the testis of matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Teleostei, Characidae).

This study describes at ultrastructural level the germ cells in the testis of matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) raised in captivity. The specimens 'matrinxã' were maintained in four breeding tanks of 200 m(2), at the Aquaculture Research Center at Vale do Ribeira-CEPAR, from Fishery Institute, in Pariquera-Açu City, São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were collected from March 1994 to February 1996. The testis has been classified as tubular unrestricted spermatogonial type, in which four stages of germ cells can be distinguished as follows: spermatogonia, spermatocytes (primary and secondary); spermatids and spermatozoa.