[Comprehensive Review on Environmental Biogeochemistry of Nonylphenol and Suggestions for the Management of Emerging Contaminants].

In recent years, China's air environment, water environment, and soil environmental quality have been improved, and a "clear water blue sky" has become a normal state. However, as persistent organic pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, antibiotics, microplastics, and other emerging contaminants are continuously detected in the environment, these emerging contaminants have gradually been attracting wide attention. Nonylphenol, as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical, has also attracted the attention of researchers. The environmental behaviors and exposure levels of nonylphenol in Chinese water bodies were summarized systematically, and the ecological risks caused by nonylphenol were evaluated based on the risk quotient method and joint probability curve method. The results showed that the toxic effects of nonylphenol on aquatic organisms mainly included acute toxicity, growth and development toxicity, and estrogenic effect and reproductive toxicity. Nonylphenol was commonly found in the water bodies of major drainage areas in China, and the average concentration of nonylphenol ranged from 60 to 1000 ng·L-1, with the highest concentration being as high as 4628 ng·L-1. The results of risk assessment based on the risk quotient method and joint probability curve method showed that nonylphenol had certain risks to aquatic life in the major basins of China. Finally, the commonly used nonylphenol treatment, disposal, and risk management and control technologies were summarized, and the international supervision methods of endocrine-disrupting chemicals were compared. Aiming at addressing the problems existing in China's environmental management, targeted policy suggestions were put forward. The research results can provide reference for the management and control of emerging contaminants in China.

[Ecological risk assessment of bisphenol A in Chinese freshwaters].

Bisphenol A (BPA) has many toxic effects on aquatic organisms, of which the most obvious effect is the estrogenic effect. The data collected in the study were divided into two parts, based on the response of the tested organisms to the estrogenic effects of BPA and their exposed time, and the risk of BPA to Chinese aquatic water was assessed by using quotient method, quotient exponent and probability method, safety threshold value method and joint probability risk assessment, respectively. Similar results were derived from the above four methods. Aquatic organisms were more sensitive to the estrogenic effects of BPA than other toxic effects. The results of risk assessment from safety threshold value method were more accurate and confident than the other three methods. Using the chronic data of BPA's estrogenic effect on tested organisms as the endpoint for risk assessment in safety threshold value method, it was found that in 64.70% of the Chinese freshwaters more than 5% of aquatic organisms were affected by the estrogenic toxicity of BPA, and the maximum allowable concentration of BPA was 15.72 ng x L(-1). Using the acute data of such effects as endpoint in safety threshold value method, in about 20.43% volume of the Chinese freshwaters more than 5% of aquatic organisms were affected by the estrogenic toxicity of BPA, and the maximum allowable concentration was 2.24 x 10(2) ng x L(-1).

[Uncertainty characterization approaches for ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in Taihu Lake].

Probabilistic approaches, such as Monte Carlo Sampling (MCS) and Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and non-probabilistic approaches, such as interval analysis, fuzzy set theory and variance propagation, were used to characterize uncertainties associated with risk assessment of sigma PAH8 in surface water of Taihu Lake. The results from MCS and LHS were represented by probability distributions of hazard quotients of sigma PAH8 in surface waters of Taihu Lake. The probabilistic distribution of hazard quotient were obtained from the results of MCS and LHS based on probabilistic theory, which indicated that the confidence intervals of hazard quotient at 90% confidence level were in the range of 0.000 18-0.89 and 0.000 17-0.92, with the mean of 0.37 and 0.35, respectively. In addition, the probabilities that the hazard quotients from MCS and LHS exceed the threshold of 1 were 9.71% and 9.68%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis suggested the toxicity data contributed the most to the resulting distribution of quotients. The hazard quotient of sigma PAH8 to aquatic organisms ranged from 0.000 17 to 0.99 using interval analysis. The confidence interval was (0.001 5, 0.016 3) at the 90% confidence level calculated using fuzzy set theory, and the confidence interval was (0.000 16, 0.88) at the 90% confidence level based on the variance propagation. These results indicated that the ecological risk of sigma PAH8 to aquatic organisms were low. Each method has its own set of advantages and limitations, which was based on different theory; therefore, the appropriate method should be selected on a case-by-case to quantify the effects of uncertainties on the ecological risk assessment. Approach based on the probabilistic theory was selected as the most appropriate method to assess the risk of sigma PAH8 in surface water of Taihu Lake, which provided an important scientific foundation of risk management and control for organic pollutants in water.