Molecular and metabolic adaption of glucose metabolism in the red and white muscle of the omnivorous GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to a glucose load.

In this experiment, Genetically improved farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were intraperitoneally injected with 1 g glucose/kg of body weight or saline. Red and white muscle tissues were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h after the glucose tolerance test (GTT) or saline injection, and the time course of changes in molecular and metabolic adaption of glucose metabolism of these two tissues were evaluated. The results showed that the expression of insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (glut4) was up-regulated at 4 h after the GTT in the red muscle, implying an increase of glucose uptake. However, the expression of glut4 in the white muscle did not change with glucose load. The glycolysis of red muscle in tilapia was stimulated during 2-4 h after the GTT, as the expression of hexokinase 1b (hk1b), hk2, phosphofructokinase muscle type a (pfkma) and pfkmb and the activity of HK and PFK increased. By contrast, only the expression of hk1b was up-regulated at 6 h after the GTT in the white muscle. The mRNA level of glycogen synthase 1 (gys1) and glycogen content increased at 2 and 6 h, respectively after the GTT in the red muscle, suggesting that glucose storage was provoked. However, glycogen content in the white muscle was not impacted by GTT. Lipogenesis was stimulated in the red muscle as reflected by up-regulated expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (accα) (during 2-4 h) and accß (during 4-12 h) with GTT. In the white muscle, however, the expression of accα was not changed, and mRNA level of accß was not up-regulated until 6 h after the GTT. Taken together, it was concluded that the glycolytic and glycogen synthesis mechanisms in the red muscle were highly regulated by an acute glucose load while those in the white muscle were less responsive to this stimulus.