ABSTRACT
Alnus cremastogyne is a rapidly growing broad-leaved tree species that is widely distributed in southwest China. It has a significant economic and ecological value. However, with the expansion of the planting area, the influence of phenotypic variation and differentiation on Alnus cremastogyne has increased, resulting in a continuous decline in its genetic quality. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the phenotypic variation of Alnus cremastogyne and select excellent breeding materials for genetic improvement. Herein, four growth-related phenotypic traits (diameter at breast height, the height of trees, volume, height under the branches) and twelve reproductive-related phenotypic traits (fresh weight of single cone, dry weight of single cone, seed weight per plant, thousand kernel weight, cone length, cone width, cone length × cone width, fruit shape index, seed rate, germination rate, germination potential, germination index) of 40 clones from four provenances were measured and analyzed. The phenotypic variation was comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and excellent clones were selected as breeding materials. The results revealed that there were abundant phenotypic traits variations among and within provenances. Most of the phenotypic traits were highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among provenances. The phenotypic variation among provenances (26.36%) was greater than that of within provenances clones (24.80%). The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient was accounted for 52.61% among provenances, indicating that the phenotypic variation mainly came from among provenances. The coefficient of variation ranged from 9.41% (fruit shape index) to 97.19% (seed weight per plant), and the repeatability ranged from 0.36 (volume) to 0.77 (cone width). Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation among most phenotypic traits. In principal component analysis, the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 79.18%, representing the main information on the measured phenotypic traits. The cluster analysis revealed four groups for the 40 clones. Group I and group II exhibited better performance phenotypic traits as compared with group III and group IV. In addition, the four groups are not clearly clustered following the distance from the provenance. Employing the multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method, 12 excellent clones were selected, and the average genetic gain for each phenotypic trait ranged from 4.78% (diameter at breast height) to 32.05% (dry weight of single cone). These selected excellent clones can serve as candidate materials for the improvement and transformation of Alnus cremastogyne seed orchards. In addition, this study can also provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement, breeding, and clone selection of Alnus cremastogyne.
ABSTRACT
Thinning can significantly promote forest productivity and ecological function. Rhizosphere fungi play an indispensable role in regulating nutrient cycling between plants and the environment, and their community composition can positively respond to anthropogenic disturbance. However, the initial effects of thinning on rhizosphere fungal community assembly have seldom been reported. In this research, we studied the alterations in the rhizosphere fungal communities of 29-year-old Pinus massoniana in East Sichuan 2 years after three different thinning intensity treatments. In addition, the responses of fungal community and functional group composition to alterations in understory vegetation and soil physiochemical properties were analyzed. Three thinning intensities were set, which were 0 (CK), 25% (LIT), and 50% (HIT), respectively. The results suggested that the richness index and Shannon index of understory vegetation increased significantly with increasing thinning intensity. The alpha diversity indices of rhizosphere fungal community and soil physiochemical properties did not show significant differences among the three treatments. The relative abundances of 17 fungal indicator species varied regularly with increasing thinning intensity, and most of them belong to Hypocreales and Eurotiales, indicating that these two orders were potential indicators for different thinning treatments. Rhizosphere fungal community assembly was determined by deterministic process, and it was driven by the diversity of understory vegetation in the initial stage of thinning. The Simpson index and Pielou index of herbs were useful measures of the main environmental factors driving the differentiation of fungal functional group composition. Based on network analysis, thinning resulted in distinct co-occurrence patterns of rhizosphere fungal functional groups. This research elucidates the initial role of thinning in rhizosphere fungal community assembly of P. massoniana and has practical significance for the functional restoration and protection of local forest ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(6)H(16)NO(3) (+)·C(7)H(4)NS(2) (-), the cations and anions are connected by O-Hâ¯N and O-Hâ¯S hydrogen bonding. Weak C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonding between adjacent cations helps to stabilize the crystal structure.
