ABSTRACT
Background: The Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport After Injury (ALR-RSI) scale can be utilized for assessing patients who have previously sustained lateral ankle ligament injury before returning to sport. Given its original development for use in different languages, it is essential to translate and validate this scale for application to the Chinese population. Purposes: To translate and culturally adapt the ALR-RSI scale into a Chinese version and assess its reliability and validity. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The procedure of translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed following the recommended guidelines and the Chinese version of ALR-RSI (ALR-RSI-CHN) was conducted in patients with lateral ankle ligament surgery. Feasibility was assessed by floor/ceiling effects. Reliability was assessed by using Cronbach α as a measure to analyze internal consistency, while the intraclass correlation coefficient was utilized to examine test-retest reliability. Validity was assessed by using Spearman coefficients to analyze the correlations between ALR-RSI-CHN, the Karlsson scale, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale. Results: A total of 66 participants were included. The ALR-RSI-CHN scale showed good feasibility with no floor/ceiling effects. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate with a Cronbach α of 0.93, and test-retest reliability was excellent with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99). The ALR-RSI-CHN scale demonstrated moderate correlation with the Karlsson scale (r = 0.48 [range, 0.26-0.65]) and strong correlation with the AOFAS scale (r = 0.55 [range, 0.35-0.71]). A significant difference in ALR-RSI-CHN scores was observed between patients who returned to sports and those who did not, with respective scores of 53.60 (range, 44.50-62.69) and 42.25 (range, 35.51-49) (P = .04). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the ALR-RSI-CHN scale had satisfactory psychometric properties, rendering it a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for evaluating patients who have lateral ligament surgery in China.
ABSTRACT
Baijiu is a traditional distilled beverage in China with a rich variety of aroma substances. 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is an important component in Baijiu and has the function of promoting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health. During the brewing of Baijiu, the microorganisms in jiuqu produce acetoin and then synthesize TTMP, but the yield of TTMP is very low. In this work, 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH) coding gene BDH1 and another BDH2 gene were deleted or overexpressed to evaluate the effect on the content of acetoin and TTMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that the acetoin synthesis of strain α5-D1B2 was significantly enhanced by disrupting BDH1 and overexpressing BDH2, leading to a 2.6-fold increase of TTMP production up to 10.55 mg/L. To further improve the production level of TTMP, the α-acetolactate synthase (ALS) of the pyruvate decomposition pathway was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of diacetyl. However, replacing the promoter of the ILV2 gene with a strong promoter (PGK1p) to increase the expression level of the ILV2 gene did not result in further increased diacetyl, acetoin and TTMP production. Based on these evidences, we constructed the diploid strains AY-SB1 (ΔBDH1:loxP/ΔBDH1:loxP) and AY-SD1B2 (ΔBDH1:loxP-PGK1p-BDH2-PGK1t/ΔBDH1:loxP-PGK1p-BDH2-PGK1t) to ensure the fermentation performance of the strain is more stable in Baijiu brewing. The concentration of TTMP in AY-SB1 and AY-SD1B2 was 7.58 and 9.47 mg/L, respectively, which represented a 2.3- and 2.87-fold increase compared to the parental strain. This work provides an example for increasing TTMP production in S. cerevisiae by genetic engineering, and highlight a novel method to improve the quality and beneficial health attributes of Baijiu.
ABSTRACT
NaYF4:Yb,Tm upconversion nanocrystals with hexagonal structure possess excellent photoluminescence emission characteristics. Under near infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the Yb3+ ions act as sensitizers to absorb the NIR light and transform NIR light into ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) light continuously. Hybrid NIR-activated photocatalysts can be fabricated by combining upconversion nanocrystals with various semiconductor nanocrystals. In this paper, NaYF4:Yb,Tm micro-rods were hydrothermally synthesized with oleic acid as capping ligand. The NaYF4:Yb,Tm@CdS composite was fabricated by in situ generation of CdS nanoclusters on the surface of NaYF4:Yb,Tm micro-rods. The morphologies and structures of NaY4:Yb,Tm and NaYF4:Yb,Tm@CdS were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy. The results of photocatalytic experiments indicated that the NaYF4:Yb,Tm@CdS composite displayed photocatalytic activity under NIR irradiation. In comparison with pure CdS, the photocatalytic ability of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@CdS composite under Vis-NIR irradiation was obviously enhanced. 82% of RhB was degraded by NaYF4:Yb,Tm@CdS catalyst within 75 min under Vis-NIR irradiation, which was more effective than pure CdS (65% degradation of RhB).