SP1 transcriptionally activates HTR2B to aggravate traumatic spinal cord injury by shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in structural and functional damage to the spinal cord, which may lead to loss of limb movement and sensation, loss of bowel and bladder control, and other complications. Previous studies have revealed the critical influence of trans-acting transcription factor 1 (SP1) in neurological pathologies, however, its role and mechanism in SCI have not been fully studied. METHODS: The study was performed using mouse microglia BV2 stimulated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and male adult mice subjected to spinal hitting. Western blotting was performed to detect protein expression of SP1, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B (HTR2B), BCL2-associated x protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), clusters of differentiation 86 (CD86), Arginase 1 (Arg-1) and clusters of differentiation 206 (CD206). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by MTT assay and TUNEL assay. mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-ß (TNF-ß) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The association of SP1 and HTR2B was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay. HE staining assay was performed to analyze the pathological conditions of spinal cord tissues. RESULTS: LPS treatment induced cell apoptosis and inhibited microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype, accompanied by an increase of Bax protein expression and a decrease of Bcl-2 protein expression, however, these effects were relieved after SP1 silencing. Mechanism assays revealed that SP1 transcriptionally activated HTR2B in BV2 cells, and HTR2B knockdown rescued LPS-induced effects on BV2 cell apoptosis and microglial M1/M2 polarization. Moreover, SP1 absence inhibited BV2 cell apoptosis and promoted microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype by decreasing HTR2B expression. SCI mouse model assay further showed that SP1 downregulation could attenuate spinal hitting-induced promoting effects on cell apoptosis of spinal cord tissues and microglial M1 polarization. CONCLUSION: SP1 transcriptionally activated HTR2B to aggravate traumatic SCI by shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization.

Novel mechanism by which extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus murinus alleviates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier disruption.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common environmental pollutant that poses a serious health risk to humans worldwide. This study was aim to explore whether gut microbiota is involved in DON-induced intestinal toxicity as well as to reveal effect of probiotics derived from gut microbiota in protecting intestinal barrier and to elucidate mechanism. We found that DON caused disturbed gut microbiota, particularly Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) deficiency. DON enhanced M1 macrophage polarization and decreased tight junction protein expression. Microbiota transplantation experiments showed that transfer of DON-disrupted microbiota to healthy mice resulted in delivery of DON-induced intestinal toxicity. Besides, DON lost its damaging effect on macrophage and intestinal barrier in antibiotic-treated mice. Further intervention experiments revealed that L. murinus induce macrophage conversion from M1 to M2 phenotype through secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) to alleviate DON-induced intestinal barrier disruption. Mechanistically, EVs activate TLR2 to promote M2 macrophage polarization and release IL-10, which in turn enhances intestinal barrier function. Upon successful translation of its efficacy into clinical practice, EVs created from L. murinus could be a novel possible treatment strategy for DON-induced gut disease.

Three Strains of Lactobacillus Derived from Piglets Alleviated Intestinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Diquat through Extracellular Vesicles.

Previous studies found that Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCPs) significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity in piglet intestines while increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. However, the relationship between Lactobacillus and antioxidant activity has yet to be verified, and the mode of action needs further investigation. Six Lactobacillus strains isolated from the intestines of neonatal piglets fed with PCPs were studied to investigate the relationship between Lactobacillus and intestinal oxidative stress. The results showed that three of them alleviated intestinal oxidative stress and protected the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, we extracted the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of these three Lactobacillus strains to verify their intestinal protection mode of action. We found that these EVs exerted an excellent antioxidant effect and intestinal barrier protection and could directly improve intestinal microbial composition. Our findings suggested that the EVs of the three Lactobacillus strains could enhance antioxidant activity by improving the physical intestinal barrier and remodeling gut microbiota. Unlike probiotics, which should be pre-colonized, EVs can act directly on the intestines. This study provides new ideas for the subsequent development of products to protect intestinal health.

Limosilactobacillus johnsoni and Limosilactobacillus mucosae and Their Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Gut Inflammatory Injury by Mediating Macrophage Polarization in a Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Piglet Model.

BACKGROUND: Limosilactobacillus johnsoni (L. j) and Limosilactobacillus mucosae (L. m) can alleviate the inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which L. j- and L. m-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) mitigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury. METHODS: Piglets were assigned to 4 groups: oral phosphate-buffered saline inoculation for 2 wk prior to intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline or LPS, and oral L. j/L. m inoculation for 2 wk prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The intestinal integrity, macrophage markers, cytokine levels, and microbiota were determined. The cytokine levels and macrophage phenotype were detected after L. j/L. m and their EVs were coincubated with macrophages. The levels of cytokines, tight junction proteins, and apoptosis were measured after intestinal epithelial cells were cocultured with macrophages. RESULTS: LPS challenge decreased jejunal villus length; expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, arginase-1 (Arg1), and interleukin (IL)-10; and number of CD163+ cells and increased the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α compared with that in the control. L. j and L. m pretreatment rescued the aforementioned indicators compared with LPS challenge. Pretreatment of L. j and L. m and their EVs reversed the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 and the gene expression of iNOS and Arg1 in the LPS group in macrophages. Pretreatment with L. j and L. m-derived EVs increased ZO-1 and occludin mRNA expression and reduced IL-1ß, caspase-3, and bax gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells of the coculture system. Enzyme-treated EVs were less effective than native EVs. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that EVs secreted by L. j and L. m control inflammation by modulating macrophage polarization, thereby improving intestinal barrier function.

Photovoltaic Performance Characterization of Textured Silicon Solar Cells Using Luminescent Down-Shifting Eu-Doped Phosphor Particles of Various Dimensions.

This paper reports on efforts to enhance the photovoltaic performance of textured silicon solar cells through the application of a layer of Eu-doped silicate phosphor with particles of various dimensions using the spin-on film technique. We examined the surface profile and dimensions of the Eu-doped phosphors in the silicate layer using optical microscopy with J-image software. Optical reflectance, photoluminescence, and external quantum efficiency were used to characterize the luminescent downshifting (LDS) and light scattering of the Eu-doped silicate phosphor layer. Current density-voltage curves under AM 1.5G simulation were used to confirm the contribution of LDS and light scattering produced by phosphor particles of various dimensions. Experiment results reveal that smaller phosphor particles have a more pronounced effect on LDS and a slight shading of incident light. The application of small Eu-doped phosphor particles increased the conversion efficiency by 9.2% (from 12.56% to 13.86%), far exceeding the 5.6% improvement (from 12.54% to 13.32%) achieved by applying a 250 nm layer of SiO2 and the 4.5% improvement (from 12.37% to 12.98%) observed in cells with large Eu-doped phosphor particles.

[Clinical application of percutaneous iliosacral screws combined with pubic ramus screws in Tile B pelvic fracture].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application and effect of minimally invasive percutaneous anterior pelvic pubic ramus screw fixation in Tile B fractures. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 56 patients with posterior pelvic ring injury combined with fractures of anterior pubic and ischiadic ramus treated between May 2010 and August 2015, including 31 males and 25 females with an average age of 36.8 years old ranging from 35 to 65 years old. Based on the Tile classification, there were 13 cases of Tile B1 type, 28 cases of Tile B2 type and 15 cases of Tile B3 type. Among them, 26 patients were treated with sacroiliac screws combined with external fixation (external fixator group) and the other 30 patients underwent sacroiliac screw fixation combined with anterior screw fixation (pubic ramus screw group). Postoperative complications, postoperative ambulation time, fracture healing, blood loss, Majeed pelvic function score and visual analogue scale(VAS) were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were followed up from 3 to 24 months with a mean of 12 months. There were no significant difference in the peri-operative bleeding and operation time between two groups(P>0.05). The postoperative activity time and fracture healing time of pubic ramus screw group were shorter than those of the external fixator group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The Majeed score, VAS score of pubic ramus screw group were higher than those of the external fixator group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications of pubic ramus screw was lower than that of the external fixator group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous iliosacral screws fixation combined with the pubic ramus screw is an effective and safty treatment method to the Tile B pelvic fracture. It has advantages of early ambulation, relief of the pain and few complications.