Subject(s)
Influenza A virus , Influenza in Birds , Animals , China/epidemiology , Geese , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Phylogeny , PoultryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and risk factors for evolution of acquired aplastic anemia (AA) into myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML). METHOD: A total of 1003 AA patients hospitalized in our institute hospital between January 1991 and December 2009 enrolled into this study. The incidence and risk factors for AA developing MDS/AML by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 62 (2 - 423) months and the projected 5-year survival rate was (78.0 +/- 1.0)%. Twenty-seven patients evolved to MDS/AML, of whom 11, 6 and 10 were from NSAA, SAA and VSAA subgroups, respectively. The estimated cumulative incidence of MDS/AML transformation for these 1003 patients after diagnosis was (4.5 +/- 1.0)% at 10 year. The incidence of MDS/AML transformation in VSAA subgroup [(12.8 +/- 3.5)%] was significantly higher than in NSAA subgroup [(4.1 +/- 1.9)%] (P < 0.001) and SAA subgroup [(3.5 +/- 1.4)% ] (P = 0.008), but no difference between the latter two subgroups (P = 0.616). Age [RR = 3.527 (95% CI: 1.598 - 7.784), P = 0.002], severity of disease [RR = 5.122 (95% CI: 2.214 - 11.853), P < 0.001], the duration (days) of rhuG-CSF therapy [RR = 10.782 (95% CI: 4.600 - 25.269), P < 0.001] and exposure to ray, chemicals or drugs [RR = 3.401 (95% CI: 1.535 - 7.534), P = 0.003] were risk factors for the transformation in both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up is essential to assess the incidence and risk factors for evolutions of acquired AA into MDS/AML, and to administer salvage therapy for transformation in time during follow-up.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Aplastic/complications , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
To investigate the inhibition of cyclosporin A (CsA) on neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, ECV-304) induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation and further explore its mechanism, a 1 h hypoxia/4 h reoxygenation model was reproduced using ECV-304. The adhesion rate of neutrophils to ECV-304 was determined by measuring the activity of endogenous hexosaminidase. The expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules of E-selectin and ICAM-1 was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA) and the activation of ERK1/2 was compared among experimental groups by Western blot. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by Fenton reaction. After being stimulated with 1 h hypoxia/4 h reoxygenation, ECV-304 showed an enhanced neutrophil adhensiveness in association with an increased surface expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1. In parallel, the content of ROS was also increased. These effects were significantly suppressed by the addition of CsA. Most importantly, the expression of CyPA was significantly increased following 1 h hypoxia/4 h reoxygenation, which was accompanied with an increased activation of ERK1/2. Treatment with CyPA inhibitor CsA and CyPA antisense oligonucleotides significantly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 and decreased the adhesion of neutrophils to ECV-304. The specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 caused an inhibition of neutrophil adhesion to hypoxia/reoxygenation-stimulated ECV-304. Our data confirm that CsA inhibits neutrophil adhesion to hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulated ECV-304 by a mechanism involving inhibition of the signal transduction of ROS, CyPA and ERK1/2.
