ABSTRACT
Objective: Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the course of rosacea, anxiety, and depression through various means such as immunity and inflammation. This study aims to further explore the relationship between rosacea, anxiety, and depression through changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: 280 rosacea patients were included in the rosacea group, divided into: rosacea without mental disorders, rosacea with anxiety, rosacea with depression, and rosacea with combined anxiety and depression. The mental control group included 210 anxiety and depression patients, divided into: anxiety, depression, and combined anxiety and depression. The healthy control group consisted of 70 healthy individuals. Serum specimens were collected and ELISA was used to detect major pro-inflammatory cytokines. CEA, IGA, GFSS, RosaQoL, HAMA, and HAMD-24 were used for the diagnosis and severity assessment of rosacea and anxiety and depression. Results: This study primarily used the Chi-Square test, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, generalized linear model, and binary logistic regression to evaluate the data. IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-8 levels in rosacea patients and anxiety/depression patients were higher than those in the healthy population (P<0.001), and TNF-α levels in rosacea patients were higher than those in the healthy population (P<0.001). There was an interaction between rosacea, anxiety, and depression in terms of IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-8 levels (P<0.001). Elevated levels of IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-8 are positively correlated with anxiety and depression in rosacea (all P<=0.05). Conclusion: It was confirmed that the elevated levels of IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-8 are positively correlated with the onset of anxiety and depression in rosacea. The interaction of the above inflammatory factors suggests a possible common inflammatory mechanism in the coexistence of rosacea and mental disorders. TNF-α only increased in patients with rosacea, combined with the skin-to-mental irreversible phenomenon, indicating that this cytokine may be a key and potential therapeutic target for the onset of rosacea.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare impulsiveness, negative emotion, cognitive function, and P300 components among gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-addicted patients, heroin-dependent patients, and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) subjects. Methods: A total of 48 men including 17 GHB addicts, 16 heroin addicts, 15 MMT subjects, and 15 male mentally healthy controls (HC) were recruited. All subjects were evaluated for symptoms of depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, and cognitive function through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version II (BIS-II), the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (BJ-MoCA), the behavioral test (response time), and event-related potential P300 detection. Results: (1) The mean scores of BIS-II in the GHB addiction group, heroin dependence group, and MMT group were significantly higher than those of the HC group (F = 30.339, P = 0.000). (2) The total scores of BJ-MOCA in GHB addiction group was the worst among the four groups, followed by heroin addiction, MMT group and HC group (F = 27.880, P = 0.000). (3) The response time in the GHB addiction group was the longest among the four groups, followed by the heroin addiction, MMT, and HC groups (F = 150.499, P = 0.000). (4) The amplitude and latency of P300 in GHB addiction subjects were significantly lower and longer than those of the MMT group and the HC group. (5) For the three types of addiction, the P300 amplitudes at Fz, Cz, Pz, T5, and T6 were negatively correlated with the scores of GAD-7, PHQ-9, and BIS-II; the P300 latencies were positively correlated with the response time and negatively correlated with the scores of the BJ-MoCA. Conclusion: People with an addiction were likely to have increased impulsiveness. The cognitive function of the GHB and heroin-addicted subjects, including the heroin detoxification and the MMT groups, was severely impaired, especially for the GHB-addicted patients. The impairment manifested as abnormalities of BJ-MoCA, response time, and P300 components.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on attention cue reactivity in male patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) after acute withdrawal. Methods: A total of 90 male patients with AUD who were hospitalized were enrolled and divided into study and waiting groups by a random number table. During the study, 18 patients dropped out. After the alcohol withdrawal symptoms were eliminated, the study group received high-frequency rTMS at 10 Hz for 14 consecutive days, and the waiting group was administrated by sham rTMS. All subjects were evaluated for attention cue reactivity, impulsiveness, cognitive function by oddball paradigm, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version II (BIS-II), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at baseline and after true or sham rTMS. Results: 1. There was no significant difference between the study and the waiting groups regarding the drinking level, cognition level, and demographic data at baseline. 2. In the oddball paradigm, both for alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related cues, the response times were significantly shorter in the study group after rTMS treatment than in the waiting-for-treatment group, either between the two groups or within the study group. There was no significant difference in the accuracy rate for alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related cues between the two groups or within the study group after rTMS intervention. 3. The total score of MoCA was significantly increased, and the total score of BIS-II was significantly decreased in the study group after rTMS treatment, either between the two groups or within the study group. Conclusion: The results suggested that high-frequency rTMS could improve the attention bias of alcohol-related cues and impulsivity for patients with AUD.
