Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study.

Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability. Furthermore, the implication of BWA consumption on the oxidative plasma variables was assessed by a preliminary clinical study on middle-aged and older human subjects (n = 50). Results support BWA augmentation of PON-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (10-30 µM), which was significantly better than the effect exerted by coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Moreover, BWA significantly curtails LDL/apo-B oxidation evoked by CuSO4 (final 0.5 µM) and a causes a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in LDL. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a healing effect of BWA towards the restoration of LDL morphology and size impaired by the exposure of Cu2+ ions (final 0.5 µM). Additionally, BWA counters the toxicity induced by carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) and rescues zebrafish embryos from development deformities and apoptotic cell death. A completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical study on middle- and older-aged human subjects (n = 50) showed that 12 weeks of BWA (100 mg/day) supplementation efficiently diminished serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total hydroperoxides and enhanced total antioxidant status by 25%, 27%, and 22%, respectively, compared to the placebo-control and baseline values. Furthermore, the consumption of BWA did not exhibit any noteworthy changes in physical variables, lipid profile, glucose levels, and biomarkers pertinent to kidney and liver function, thus confirming the safety of BWA for consumption. Conclusively, in vitro, BWA prevents LDL oxidation, enhances PON-1 activity in HDL, and positively influences oxidative variables in human subjects.

Benefits of the Therapy With Abexol in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of diseases ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Given the increasing incidence of NAFLD and the long-term consequences of this disease, it is important to identify the risk factors and therapeutic measures. Abexol is a mixture of beeswax alcohols with antioxidant, gastro-protective and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim was to conduct a pooled analysis of clinical trials data of the effects of Abexol treatment in patients with NAFLD. METHODS: The present analysis includes the data of all patients with NAFLD obtained from medium-term randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical studies with Abexol. One hundred patients with NAFLD received Abexol (100 mg/day) or placebo for 6 months. Significant changes in the ultrasound analysis of the liver were considered a primary efficacy variable. Secondary endpoints were decreased homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and insulin levels, and improved clinical symptoms. Statistical analysis of all data was according to the intention-to-treat method. RESULTS: Both groups were statistically homogeneous at baseline conditions. At 6 months of treatment, the number of Abexol-treated patients exhibiting a normal liver echo pattern on ultrasonography was greater than that of the placebo patients (P < 0.05). Abexol significantly reduced (P < 0.05) insulin levels and HOMA index. The proportion of Abexol patients showing symptom improvement was higher (P < 0.01) than that of the placebo group. Treatments were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of Abexol during 6 months significantly ameliorates liver fat accumulation and insulin resistances, meanwhile improving clinical evolution in patients with NAFLD. The treatment was safe and well tolerated in these patients.

Efectos del extracto de alcoholes purificados de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera) en dos modelos de analgesia / Efectos del extracto de alcoholes purificados de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera) en dos modelos de analgesia / Effect of purified alcohols extract from the bee wax (Apis mellifera) in two analgesia models / Effect of purified alcohols extract from the bee wax (Apis mellifera) in two analgesia models

El D-002 es una mezcla de 6 alcoholes alifàticos de alto peso molecular purificada de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos del tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 sobre las contorsiones abdominales inducidas por àcido acético y en el modelo del plato caliente en ratones. Los animales se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (10-20 animales/grupo): uno control que recibió el vehículo goma acacia/H2O, tres tratados con D-002 (25, 125 y 250 mg/kg) y uno con aspirina (modelo de contorsiones abdominales) o morfina (plato caliente). El D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) inhibió significativamente las contorsiones inducidas por àido acético en un 44,5; 44,8 y 47,1 por ciento respectivamente; sin embargo, no modificó la latencia de la respuesta en el modelo del plato caliente. Estos resultados muestran que el tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) es capaz de inhibir de forma moderada las contorsiones abdominales por àcido acético sin afectar la respuesta al plato caliente. Esto sugiere que el D-002 ejerce una acción analgésica periférica pero no a nivel central(AU)

El D-002 es una mezcla de 6 alcoholes alifàticos de alto peso molecular purificada de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos del tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 sobre las contorsiones abdominales inducidas por àcido acético y en el modelo del plato caliente en ratones. Los animales se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (10-20 animales/grupo): uno control que recibió el vehículo goma acacia/H2O, tres tratados con D-002 (25, 125 y 250 mg/kg) y uno con aspirina (modelo de contorsiones abdominales) o morfina (plato caliente). El D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) inhibió significativamente las contorsiones inducidas por àido acético en un 44,5; 44,8 y 47,1 por ciento respectivamente; sin embargo, no modificó la latencia de la respuesta en el modelo del plato caliente. Estos resultados muestran que el tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) es capaz de inhibir de forma moderada las contorsiones abdominales por àcido acético sin afectar la respuesta al plato caliente. Esto sugiere que el D-002 ejerce una acción analgésica periférica pero no a nivel central(AU)

The D-002 is a mixture of 6 high molecular weight aliphatic acids purified from bee wax (Apis mellifera). The aim of present study was to research the effects of an oral treatment using D-002 on the acetic acid- induced abdominal writhings and in the hot plate model in mice. Animals were randomized distributed to 5 groups (10-20 animals/group): a control one received the Gum Arabic vehicle/H(2)0, three received D-002 (25, 125 and 250 mg/kg), and another received aspirin (abdominal contortions model) or morphine (hot plate). The D-002 inhibited the above mentioned writhings in a 44,5; 44,8 and 47,1 respectively; however, not modified the response latency in the hot plate model. These results demonstrate that the D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) oral treatment may to inhibit in a moderate way the above mentioned writhings without to affect the response to hot plate. It suggests that the D-002 exerts a peripheral analgesic action but not a central level(AU)

The D-002 is a mixture of 6 high molecular weight aliphatic acids purified from bee wax (Apis mellifera). The aim of present study was to research the effects of an oral treatment using D-002 on the acetic acid- induced abdominal writhings and in the hot plate model in mice. Animals were randomized distributed to 5 groups (10-20 animals/group): a control one received the Gum Arabic vehicle/H(2)0, three received D-002 (25, 125 and 250 mg/kg), and another received aspirin (abdominal contortions model) or morphine (hot plate). The D-002 inhibited the above mentioned writhings in a 44,5; 44,8 and 47,1 respectively; however, not modified the response latency in the hot plate model. These results demonstrate that the D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) oral treatment may to inhibit in a moderate way the above mentioned writhings without to affect the response to hot plate. It suggests that the D-002 exerts a peripheral analgesic action but not a central level(AU)

Efectos del extracto de alcoholes purificados de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera) en dos modelos de analgesia / Effect of purified alcohols extract from the bee wax (Apis mellifera) in two analgesia models

El D-002 es una mezcla de 6 alcoholes alifàticos de alto peso molecular purificada de la cera de abejas (Apis mellifera). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos del tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 sobre las contorsiones abdominales inducidas por àcido acético y en el modelo del plato caliente en ratones. Los animales se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (10-20 animales/grupo): uno control que recibió el vehículo goma acacia/H2O, tres tratados con D-002 (25, 125 y 250 mg/kg) y uno con aspirina (modelo de contorsiones abdominales) o morfina (plato caliente). El D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) inhibió significativamente las contorsiones inducidas por àido acético en un 44,5; 44,8 y 47,1 por ciento respectivamente; sin embargo, no modificó la latencia de la respuesta en el modelo del plato caliente. Estos resultados muestran que el tratamiento por vía oral con D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) es capaz de inhibir de forma moderada las contorsiones abdominales por àcido acético sin afectar la respuesta al plato caliente. Esto sugiere que el D-002 ejerce una acción analgésica periférica pero no a nivel central.

The D-002 is a mixture of 6 high molecular weight aliphatic acids purified from bee wax (Apis mellifera). The aim of present study was to research the effects of an oral treatment using D-002 on the acetic acid- induced abdominal writhings and in the hot plate model in mice. Animals were randomized distributed to 5 groups (10-20 animals/group): a control one received the Gum Arabic vehicle/H(2)0, three received D-002 (25, 125 and 250 mg/kg), and another received aspirin (abdominal contortions model) or morphine (hot plate). The D-002 inhibited the above mentioned writhings in a 44,5; 44,8 and 47,1 respectively; however, not modified the response latency in the hot plate model. These results demonstrate that the D-002 (25-250 mg/kg) oral treatment may to inhibit in a moderate way the above mentioned writhings without to affect the response to hot plate. It suggests that the D-002 exerts a peripheral analgesic action but not a central level.