TransOral UltraSonic surgery (TOUSS) for oral cavity, oropharyngeal and supraglottic malignancy: A prospective study of feasibility, safety, margins, functional and survival outcomes.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: With the advent of TransOral Robotic Surgery (TORS) the ease of transoral procedures has been dramatically improved. TORS is already established for its feasibility, functional and oncological outcomes for selected lesions of oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. This study reports on preliminary results with TransOral UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS) for oncologic resections of oral cavity, oropharyngeal and supraglottic malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with malignancies of oral cavity, oropharynx and supraglottis underwent TOUSS with simultaneous neck dissection and adjuvant therapy as indicated, from January 2018 to April 2019. Essential equipment included the FK-retractor (Gyrus Medical, Tuttilngen, Germany) for TransOral exposure, the Olympus ENDOEYE Flex 5 mm 2D/10 mm 3D deflecting tip video laparoscopes, and 35 cm long ultrasonic harmonic scalpel (Thunderbeat). Parameters evaluated include tumor staging, mouth opening, TOUSS setup time, TOUSS primary removal time, surgical margins, blood transfusions, tracheostomy, postoperative complications, enteral feeding and resumption of oral diet, duration of hospital stay, and survival outcomes. RESULTS: Eighteen patients underwent complete TransOral UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS), with simultaneous unilateral or bilateral neck dissection. No procedure was abandoned intraoperatively due to difficulty in extirpation of the tumor. Margins were negative for ten patients (55.6%), close in five (27.8%), and positive in three patients (16.7%). Average TOUSS set-up time was 22.5 min (range, 10-30 min) and average TOUSS primary tumor removal time was 35.3 min (range, 15-60 min). Patients started tolerating oral feeds even in the second post op day (mean 6 days), and transitioning to complete oral feeds with removal of the nasogastric tube was achieved in all (mean, 16 days). The average hospital stay was 7.4 days (range 2-16 days). Secondary hemorrhage occurred in two cases and required an emergency tracheostomy and ligation of lingual artery. Minor cervicopharyngeal fistula occurred in four cases and settled in all with conservative non-surgical treatment. Overall survival at 3 years was 70.5%, and disease-specific survival was 94.4%. CONCLUSION: TransOral UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS) is a safe and sound alternative method of endoscopic surgical treatment of oral cavity, oropharynx and supraglottic neoplasms. Advantages of this technique include faster resection time, intraoperative assistance from Narrow Band Imaging, easy affordability compared to TORS, and excellent functional outcomes.

Frozen sections and complete resection in oral cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Although the reliability of frozen sections for the intraoperative assessment of complete tumour excision has been established, the best location for collection and the impact of the type of sampling are still debated. We retrospectively investigated the reliability of frozen sections when collected from the surgical bed as tissue strips representative of the whole superficial margin and as a bowl of tissue underlying the resection site for deep margin, and the possibility of relying on frozen section negativity to consider resections complete. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen section reliability was calculated by comparing histology before and after formalin embedding and then categorised by sampling type, in 182 patients undergoing transoral resection of oral cancer. RESULTS: Comparing frozen and permanent histology, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 69%, 98% and 96%, respectively; categorisation by sampling type failed to produce statistically significant differences. Based on frozen section negativity after formalin embedding, complete resections were obtained in 91.7% of patients with multiple-strip and bowl frozen sections. CONCLUSION: Frozen sections collected as tissue strips and bowl are as reliable as point sampling in the intraoperative guidance of surgical resections. They effectively provide for margin enlargement, thereby increasing the surgeon's confidence that negative margins are clear.

Minimally invasive video-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy: surgical technique and results from two institutions.

BACKGROUND: Submandibular gland excision is traditionally performed using a transcervical approach. However, innovative surgical trials have recently been conducted to investigate techniques that can prevent or reduce visible scarring and nerve injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new approach to submandibular gland excision that is based on the use of a minimally invasive video-assisted technique and an ultrasound scalpel in an endoscopic neck surgery program with a low annual flow of procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 15 patients with submandibular gland disease who underwent minimally invasive video-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy performed by two surgeons at two institutions. Eight patients had proximally located salivary calculi, three had chronic sialadenitis, and four had benign neoplasms. All dissections were carried out by a single-port gasless approach, using the Miccoli technique, involving endoscope magnification and an ultrasonic scalpel. RESULTS: All 15 submandibular gland resections were performed successfully, with no conversions to conventional open resection. The operative time ranged from 45 to 125 min (median 84 min). A total of 67 % of patients were discharged the day after surgery, and the maximum length of stay was 3 days. One patient experienced postoperative bleeding, and one experienced postoperative infection. There was no neural injury. The incision scar healed well in all cases, and all patients reported excellent cosmetic results. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic submandibular gland resection using a minimally invasive video-assisted technique, endoscopic magnification, and ultrasonic scalpel was feasible and resulted in excellent surgical outcomes.

Transoral ultrasonic total laryngectomy (TOUSS-TL): description of a new endoscopic approach and report of two cases.

The minimally invasive total laryngectomy avoids a wide surgical field and so it has the potential benefit of reducing the local morbidity, especially on radiated patients. This approach has been previously described on a robotic basis, the transoral robotic total laryngectomy (TORS-TL). We have designed a minimally invasive approach for total laryngectomy (TL) using the transoral ultrasonic surgery technique (TOUSS). TOUSS is a transoral, endoscopic, non-robotic approach for laryngeal and pharyngeal tumors, based on the ultrasonic scalpel as a resection tool. Two patients with a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with indication for total laryngectomy were surgically treated: one primary TL for a subglottic carcinoma and one salvage TL with partial pharyngectomy for a local relapse after chemoradiotherapy of a glottic carcinoma. The tumors were completely removed with free surgical margin in both patients. The functional recovery was satisfactory in terms of swallowing and speech (a tracheoesophageal puncture and voice prosthesis placement were done in the same procedure). No intraoperative complications were observed. The patient with previous chemoradiotherapy had a pharyngocutaneous fistula which closed spontaneously without additional surgery. We have demonstrated that transoral endoscopic approach to the larynx and pharynx is feasible without a robotic platform. TOUSS-TL can easily spread the transoral endoscopic philosophy as well as the benefits of a minimally invasive way to remove the entire larynx. Further research will show the advantages in terms of complications and functional outcomes.

TransOral endoscopic UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS): a preliminary report of a novel robotless alternative to TORS.

The objective of this study is to describe and evaluate the feasibility of TransOral UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS), a new endoscopic alternative to transoral robotic surgery for approaching pharyngeal and laryngeal tumours based on ultrasonic scalpel as a resection tool. This is a prospective study on 11 consecutive patients with pharyngeal and supraglottic carcinomas between December 2013 and August 2014. All tumours were resected transorally with 35 cm ThunderbeatTM. Exposure was achieved using GyrusTM FK-retractor and Olympus ENDOEYE Flex 5 mm 2D/10 mm 3D deflecting tip video laparoscopes. We evaluated tumour staging, surgical margins, surgical time, blood transfusions, tracheostomy, enteral feeding, postoperative pain and hospital stay. The operating room setup and procedure are described. This series comprised seven early and four locally advanced carcinomas. The mean setup for TOUSS and resection time were 16 and 70.9 minutes. No major intraoperative complications were identified. The average time of nasogastric feeding tube dependence (n = 9) was 13 days. Gastrostomy was performed in one patient. The average hospital stay was 14.3 days. Postoperative pain was satisfactory treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We have described TOUSS as a new feasible and intuitive procedure to approach endoscopically pharyngeal and supraglottic tumours, with good intraoperative conditions and functional outcomes.

[Is microvascular density an independent prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?]. / El la densidad microvascular un factor pronóstico independiente en el carcinoma epidermoide de lengua?

BACKGROUND: The relationship between tumour angiogenesis and prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas remains controversial in the literature. This study was designed to determine the role of tumour vascularization in tongue squamous cell carcinoma behaviour. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Tumour vascularization was evaluated in 43 patients with primary squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue. Anti-endothelial cell antigen (CD31) was used to stain the specimens. The correlation between tumour vascularization and both survival rate and tumour recurrence was established to determine the prognostic value of microvessel density (Cox proportional-hazards survival regression). RESULTS: Adequate staining was achieved in all specimens with anti-CD31. Mean microvessel density was 30.6 (x400 field), and the median was 27. After a 5-year follow-up, a local, regional, or distant recurrence of the tumour occurred in 29 patients (67.4 %). Twenty patients (46.5 %) were alive with or without tumour, while 23 patients (53.5 %) had died due to tumour recurrence. Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate any correlation between microvessel density and 5-year survival (P = .59) and recurrence rate (P = .31). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the controversy, these results suggest that microvascular density is not a valid independent prognostic indicator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.

¿El la densidad microvascular un factor pronóstico independiente en el carcinoma epidermoide de lengua? / Is microvascular density an independent prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?

Objetivos: La relación entre angiogénesis tumoral y el pronóstico en carcinomas epidermoides de cabeza y cuello continúa en controversia. Se ha diseñado este estudio para determinar el papel de la vascularización tumoral en el comportamiento de los carcinomas epidermoides de lengua. Material y método: Se ha evaluado la vascularización tumoral en 43 pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de lengua. Se emplearon anticuerpos antiendoteliales (CD31) para teñir las muestras. Para determinar el valor pronóstico de la microvascularización tumoral, se comparó la densidad microvascular con el índice de recidiva y la supervivencia (test de regresión de Cox). Resultados: Todas las muestras se tiñeron adecuadamente mediante anti-CD31. La densidad vascular media fue 30,6 (en campos x400) y la mediana, 27. Tras un seguimiento de 5 años, en 29 (67,4 %) pacientes se iniciaron recidivas local, regional o a distancia; 20 (46,5 %) permanecían vivos con o sin tumor, mientras que 23 (53 %) habían fallecido por una recidiva tumoral. El análisis estadístico no ha demostrado ninguna relación significativa de la densidad microvascular con la supervivencia a 5 años (p = 0,59) ni con el riesgo de recidiva a los 5 años (p = 0,31). Conclusiones: Aunque hay controversias, estos resultados indican que la densidad microvascular no es un indicador pronóstico independiente y válido en pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de lengua

Background: The relationship between tumour angiogenesis and prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas remains controversial in the literature. This study was designed to determine the role of tumour vascularization in tongue squamous cell carcinoma behaviour. Material and method: Tumour vascularization was evaluated in 43 patients with primary squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue. Anti-endothelial cell antigen (CD31) was used to stain the specimens. The correlation between tumour vascularization and both survival rate and tumour recurrence was established to determine the prognostic value of microvessel density (Cox proportional-hazards survival regression). Results: Adequate staining was achieved in all specimens with anti-CD31. Mean microvessel density was 30.6 (x400 field), and the median was 27. After a 5-year follow-up, a local, regional, or distant recurrence of the tumour occurred in 29 patients (67.4 %). Twenty patients (46.5 %) were alive with or without tumour, while 23 patients (53.5 %) had died due to tumour recurrence. Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate any correlation between microvessel density and 5-year survival (P = .59) and recurrence rate (P = .31). Conclusions: Despite the controversy, these results suggest that microvascular density is not a valid independent prognostic indicator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue