Early-life sugar consumption and breastfeeding practices: a multicenter initiative in Latin America.

The aim of this multicenter study was to explore the early-life sugar consumption and dietary practices in Latin America as well as to investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and the age at which foods and beverages with added sugars are introduced. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 805 1- to 3-year-old children from 10 Latin American countries, as a complementary study to the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region (OICAL). A Food Frequency Questionnaire previously tested in different countries was applied to children's mothers and data on breastfeeding and age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was collected. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and Poisson regression with robust variance, with the calculation of crude and adjusted mean ratios (MR) and 95% of confidence intervals (CI). The average age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was 10.1 months (95%CI 9.7-10.4) and 9.6 (95%CI 9.2-9.9) months, respectively, with a significant variation between countries (p < 0.001). The average daily frequency of sugary foods-beverages was 3.3 times per day (95%CI 3.1-3.5) and varied significantly between countries (p = 0.004). Breastfeeding duration of over six months was associated with an increase in the age of introduction of sweet drinks (16%; MR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05-1.28) and foods (21%; MR 1.21; 95%CI 1.10-1.33). In conclusion, most children from vulnerable settings in Latin America start consuming sugary products in the first year of life and a high frequency of consumption was reported through early childhood. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to a delay in the introduction of sugary products.

Core Cariology Curriculum Framework in Spanish for Latin American dental schools: development and consensus.

The aim of this study was to develop and achieve consensus on a cariology teaching framework for dental schools in Latin American Spanish-speaking countries. The Delphi process, with a ≥8 0% pre-defined participants' agreement, included three phases and a Coordinating Group. During the Preparation phase three panels of experts were selected and invited to participate: a) Regional academic/professional Dental Associations (Associations-Panel): n = 12; b) Regional Dental Schools (Dental-Schools-Panel): existing dental schools (n = 263) from the 19 Spanish-speaking regional countries; c) International academic/professional associations Peer Experts (Peer-Panel): n = 4. Based on consensus documents from Europe, Colombia, the Caribbean, USA, Chile and Spain, and updated scientific evidence, the Coordinating Group developed a baseline framework proposal of domains, main competencies (MC) and specific competencies (SC). The Consultation-Agreement and Consensus phases included three rounds of questionnaires with a step-wise sharing of the MC updated version of the consensus framework with the Dental-Schools-Panel and including SC with the Associations-Panel. Diverse communication strategies were used ( e.g ., independent google-form questionnaires and workshops). Consensus was reached after an on-site Associations-Panel workshop and secret voting, followed by an online meeting with the Peers-Panel. A total of 127 academic/professional institutions participated (Associations-Panel: 11, 91.6%; Dental-Schools-Panel: 112, 42.6%, all countries; Peers-Panel: 4, 100%). The baseline Cariology teaching framework of 5 domains, 10 MC and 92 SC underwent modifications after agreements for a final consensus framework consisting of 5 domains, 10 MC and 85 SC. A Core Cariology curriculum framework in Spanish for Latin American Dental Schools was successfully developed and agreed upon with regional dental academic and professional institutions.

Early-life sugar consumption and breastfeeding practices: a multicenter initiative in Latin America

Abstract The aim of this multicenter study was to explore the early-life sugar consumption and dietary practices in Latin America as well as to investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and the age at which foods and beverages with added sugars are introduced. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 805 1- to 3-year-old children from 10 Latin American countries, as a complementary study to the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region (OICAL). A Food Frequency Questionnaire previously tested in different countries was applied to children's mothers and data on breastfeeding and age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was collected. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and Poisson regression with robust variance, with the calculation of crude and adjusted mean ratios (MR) and 95% of confidence intervals (CI). The average age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was 10.1 months (95%CI 9.7-10.4) and 9.6 (95%CI 9.2-9.9) months, respectively, with a significant variation between countries (p < 0.001). The average daily frequency of sugary foods-beverages was 3.3 times per day (95%CI 3.1-3.5) and varied significantly between countries (p = 0.004). Breastfeeding duration of over six months was associated with an increase in the age of introduction of sweet drinks (16%; MR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05-1.28) and foods (21%; MR 1.21; 95%CI 1.10-1.33). In conclusion, most children from vulnerable settings in Latin America start consuming sugary products in the first year of life and a high frequency of consumption was reported through early childhood. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to a delay in the introduction of sugary products.

Core Cariology Curriculum Framework in Spanish for Latin American dental schools: development and consensus

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop and achieve consensus on a cariology teaching framework for dental schools in Latin American Spanish-speaking countries. The Delphi process, with a ≥8 0% pre-defined participants' agreement, included three phases and a Coordinating Group. During the Preparation phase three panels of experts were selected and invited to participate: a) Regional academic/professional Dental Associations (Associations-Panel): n = 12; b) Regional Dental Schools (Dental-Schools-Panel): existing dental schools (n = 263) from the 19 Spanish-speaking regional countries; c) International academic/professional associations Peer Experts (Peer-Panel): n = 4. Based on consensus documents from Europe, Colombia, the Caribbean, USA, Chile and Spain, and updated scientific evidence, the Coordinating Group developed a baseline framework proposal of domains, main competencies (MC) and specific competencies (SC). The Consultation-Agreement and Consensus phases included three rounds of questionnaires with a step-wise sharing of the MC updated version of the consensus framework with the Dental-Schools-Panel and including SC with the Associations-Panel. Diverse communication strategies were used ( e.g ., independent google-form questionnaires and workshops). Consensus was reached after an on-site Associations-Panel workshop and secret voting, followed by an online meeting with the Peers-Panel. A total of 127 academic/professional institutions participated (Associations-Panel: 11, 91.6%; Dental-Schools-Panel: 112, 42.6%, all countries; Peers-Panel: 4, 100%). The baseline Cariology teaching framework of 5 domains, 10 MC and 92 SC underwent modifications after agreements for a final consensus framework consisting of 5 domains, 10 MC and 85 SC. A Core Cariology curriculum framework in Spanish for Latin American Dental Schools was successfully developed and agreed upon with regional dental academic and professional institutions.

Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Costa Rican Male Students Aged 12-22 Years Using ICDAS-II / Prevalencia de caries en varones costarricenses escolarizados de 12 a 22 años utilizando ICDAS-II

ABSTRACT: Objective: Dental decay is a public health challenge in Low- and Middle- Income Countries, particularly for young people, often confronted to healthcare access barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries among young male students in Costa Rica. Study design: A cross-sectional study was performed in 428 Costa Rican male students aged 12-22 years, who attended a nonprofit social welfare boarding school in 2019. A clinical examination was ran by three calibrated examiners following the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II). Results: Caries prevalence was estimated at 83%, 15% have lost a tooth due to dental decay, 61% have at least one filled tooth, 36% have at least one filled and decayed tooth. The most frequent caries lesions were codes 2-Inactive (46.7%) and code 1-Inactive (23.8%). DMFT indicated a mean index using ICDAS-II 1-6>0 codes of 7.89. Using ICDAS-II 3-6>0 as threshold, the index decreases to 3.94. Finally, the lower and upper first permanent molars were found to be the most affected teeth. Conclusions: Dental caries experience represents a significant public health burden in young people, requiring better access to public dental healthcare.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: La caries dental continúa siendo uno de los grandes desafíos de salud pública en los países de ingresos bajos y medios, en particular para los jóvenes, que a menudo se enfrentan a barreras de acceso a la atención médica y odontológica. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental entre jóvenes estudiantes varones en Costa Rica. Diseño del estudio: se realizó un estudio transversal con 428 estudiantes varones costarricenses de entre 12 y 22 años, que asistieron a un internado de asistencia social sin fines de lucro llamado Ciudad de los Niños en 2019. Tres examinadores calibrados realizaron un examen clínico siguiendo el Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries. (ICDAS-II). Resultados: La prevalencia de caries se estimó en 83%, el 15% ha perdido un diente debido a caries dental, el 61% tiene al menos un diente obturado, el 36% tiene al menos un diente obturado y con caries. Las lesiones de caries más frecuentes fueron los códigos 2-Inactivo (46,7%) y el código 1-Inactivo (23,8%). CPOD indicó un índice medio utilizando códigos ICDAS-II 1-6>0 de 7,89. Usando ICDAS-II 3-6>0 como umbral, el índice disminuye a 3,94. Finalmente, los primeros molares permanentes inferiores y superiores resultaron ser los dientes más afectados. Conclusiones: La experiencia de la caries dental representa una carga de salud pública significativa en los jóvenes, que requiere un mejor acceso a la atención médica dental pública.

Suicide attempts in people with schizophrenia before and after participating in an intensive case managed community program: A 20-year follow-up.

Lack of treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia is a risk factor that leads to illness-relapse, hospitalization and potentially strengthens suicidal behavior. The purpose of this investigation was to assess treatment adherence, reasons for treatment discharge, suicidal behaviour and impact of route of antipsychotics administration in a group of patients with schizophrenia treated in a comprehensive, community-based, intensive case managed program for people with severe mental illness. And to compare it to previous standard treatment received in mental health units (MHU). An observational, longitudinal, mirror-image study of patients with severe schizophrenia (N = 344) was carried out: ten years of follow-up (Program) and ten years retrospective (MHU). Reasons for treatment discharge, suicide attempts and antipsychotic (AP) medication were recorded. Treatment adherence during the Program was higher than in MHU (abandonment of treatment: 12.2% vs. 84.3% of patients). Forty patients died during follow-up, five of them due to suicide. Suicidal attempts significantly decreased during Program treatment compared to the standard one (7.6% vs. 38.9% of patients). Long-acting injectable (LAI) AP medication was significantly related to this outcome. A combination of intensive case-managed and LAIAP treatment helped to improve compliance and to reduce suicidal behavior compared to standard treatment in patients with severe schizophrenia.

Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in India.

BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators in India have improved. However, poor IYCF practices are still apparent, associated with pervasive high rates of child under-nutrition. Interventions to improve IYCF need augmentation by appropriate policy support to consolidate gains. The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to strengthen and support IYCF policies through a policy content and stakeholder network analysis. METHODS: IYCF policies and guidelines were systematically mapped and coded using predetermined themes. Six 'net-map' group interviews were conducted for stakeholder analysis with data analyzed using ORA (organizational risk analyzer, copyright Carley, Carnegie Mellon University) software. The study was carried out at a national level and in the states of Maharashtra and unified Andhra Pradesh. RESULTS: Thirty relevant policy documents were identified. Support for IYCF was clearly apparent and was actioned within sectoral policies and strategic plans. We identified support for provision of information to mothers and caregivers in both sectoral and high-level/strategic policy documents. At a sectoral level, there was support for training health care workers and for enabling mothers to access IYCF. Opportunities to strengthen policy included expanding coverage and translating policy goals into implementation level documents. At the national level, Ministry of Women and Child Development [MoWCD], Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [MoHFW] and the Prime Minister's Nutrition Council [PMNC] were the most influential actors in providing technical support while MoHFW, MoWCD, and Bill Melinda Gates Foundation were the most influential actors in providing funding and were therefore influential stakeholders in shaping IYCF policies and programs. CONCLUSION: We identified a wide range of strengths in the IYCF policy environment in India and also opportunities for improvement. One key strength is the integration of IYCF policies into a range of agendas and guidelines related to health and child development service delivery at the national and state level. However, the lack of a specific national policy on IYCF means that there is no formal mechanism for review and monitoring implementation across sectors and jurisdictions. Another opportunity identified is the development of IYCF policy guidelines in emergencies and for tribal populations.

Nivel de conocimiento y actitudes de las madres puérperas sobre estimulación temprana en niños menores de un año en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé / Level of knowledge and attitudes postpartum mothers about earlystimulation in children below one year, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé

Objetivo: medir el nivel de conocimientos y actitudes de las madres puérperas acerca de la estimulación temprana. Material y métodos: investigación descriptiva, cuantitativa y de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 65 madres del Hospital San Bartolomé Madre-Niño. Se construyó dos tipos de cuestionario: el primero, para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos, y estuvo constituido por 15 preguntas; y el segundo, para evaluar el nivel de actitudes, constituido por 10 preguntas. Resultado: el nivel de conocimiento de las madres puérperas es alto en 24 (36,9%); medio en 29 (44,6%); y bajo en 12 (18,5%) de ellas. La actitud hacia la estimulación temprana es favorable en 23 (35%); indiferente en 28 (43%) y desfavorable en 14 (22%). Conclusiones: la mayoría de las madres presentan una actitud indiferente hacia la estimulación temprana, a pesar que tiene un conocimiento de nivel medio. Esa información debe llamar la atención de las enfermeras/os para su intervención oportuna.

Objective: To know the level of knowledge and attitudes of postpartum mothers abput early stimulation. Material and methods: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional.With a sample formed by 65 mothers from Hospital San Bartolome Madre-Niño. It was used two types of questionnaires: one to assess the level of knowledge, which was composed of 15 questions and the other to assess the level of attitudes, consisting of 10 questions. Results: The knowledge's level of postpartum mothers is high with 24 (36.9%) medium 29 (44.6%) and low 12 (18.5%). The attitude toward early stimulation is favorable 23 (35%), indifferent 28 (43%) and unfavorable 14 (22%). conclusions: The most of the mothers have indifferent attitude toward early stimulation despiet of they have regular knowledge. This information must call attention of nurses in order to intervene.

Etiología y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de las infecciones neonatales / Neonatal infections etiology antimicrobial sensitivity

Objetivo: Determinar los gérmenes más frecuentes causantes de infecciones en recién nacidos hospitalizados y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Material y métodos: Revisión de historias clínicas del Servicio de Neonatología del Instituto de Salud del Niño (Lima, Perú) y resultados de cultivos positivos y antibiogramas, desde junio de 1999 hasta mayo de 2002. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio hubo 94 pacientes con sepsis confirmada; de ellos se obtuvo 161 muestras (sangre, orina, catéteres EV, entre otras). Los gérmenes más frecuentes fueron: Staphylococcus epidermidis (38,3 por ciento), Staphylococcus aureus (12 por ciento), Klebsiella sp (10 por ciento), Alcaligenes fecalis (4,6 por ciento), Acinetobacter sp (4 por ciento) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 por ciento). S. epidermidis mostró sensibilidad de 100 por ciento a vancomicina, 90 por ciento a cefotaxima, 50 por ciento a amikacina y ampicilina y 37 por ciento a oxacilina. Klebsiella mostró sensibilidad de 100 por ciento a ciprofloxacina e imipenen, 44 por ciento a ceftriaxona, 20 por ciento a ceftazidima y 14 por ciento a ampicilina; la resistencia a amikacina fue del 100 por ciento. S. aureus mostró sensibilidad de 100 por ciento a vancomicina, 57 por ciento a cefotaxima y 33 por ciento a oxacilina. Conclusiones: Las bacterias gram positivas son las más frecuentes como causa de sepsis neonatal. In vitro, los gérmenes más frecuentes muestran resistencia mayor de 50 por ciento a ampicilina y amikacina; y vancomicina es el antibiótico al cual muestran mayor susceptibilidad las especies de Staphylococcus.

Objective: To determine the most frequent bacteria causing infection in hospitalized newborns, and their antimicrobial sensitivity. Material and methods: Review of the clinical files of Neonatology Division, Children's Health Institute (Lima, Peru) and identification of the positive cultures and antibiograms from June 1999 until May 2002. Results: During this three year period there were 94 patients with confirmed sepsis from whom 161 samples were obtained (blood, urine, IV catheters, and others). The most frequently isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (38,3 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (12 per cent), Klebsiella sp (10 per cent), Alcaligenes fecalis (4,6 per cent), Acinetobacter sp (4 per cent) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 per cent). S. epidermidis showed 100 per cent sensitivity to vancomycin, 90 per cent to cefotaxime, 50 per cent to amikacin and ampicillin and 37 per cent to oxacillin. Klebsiella showed 100 per cent sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and imipenem, 44 per cent to ceftriaxone, 20 per cent to ceftazidime and 14 per cent to ampicillin; bacterial resistance to amikacin was 100 per cent. S. aureus showed 100 per cent sensitivity to vancomycin, 57 per cent to cefotaxime and 33 per cent to oxacillin. Conclusions: Gram positive bacteria are the most frequent cause of neonatal sepsis. In vitro, 50 per cent of the most frequent bacteria showed resistance to ampicillin and amikacin. The Staphylococcus species showed greater in vitro sensitivity to vancomycin.